{"id":85012,"date":"2020-10-14T15:02:40","date_gmt":"2020-10-14T12:02:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/?p=85012"},"modified":"2020-10-15T12:12:45","modified_gmt":"2020-10-15T09:12:45","slug":"lbh_jewish_hat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/lbh_jewish_hat\/","title":{"rendered":"The Origin of the Jewish Hat"},"content":{"rendered":"

The yellow badge is undoubtedly the most infamous item of clothing in Jewish history. The practice of forcing Jews to wear this piece of cloth on the lapel of their clothing first appeared in parts of Western Europe during the 13th<\/sup> century. With their invasion of Poland, the Nazis revived the use of this insidious custom. In this article, we look at another article of clothing, the pointed hat, Pileus Cornutus<\/em> in Latin, which some consider to be the precursor of one of the most recognizable Jewish symbols today.<\/p>\n

Exactly when and where the pointed hat made its debut atop the heads of Jews in Europe is difficult to pinpoint. We know what the \u201cJewish hat\u201d may have looked like mainly from images which appear in illuminated manuscripts.<\/p>\n

One of the earliest illustrations of such a hat perched atop the head of a Jew is found in the early 14th<\/sup>-century Codex Manesse. In the image, we see the figure of S\u00fc\u00dfkind von Trimberg, a Jewish poet and troubadour, wearing just such a hat. In this medieval German poetry anthology, S\u00fc\u00dfkind is credited as the author of six of the poems inscribed in its pages. He happens to be the first German-Jewish poet whom we know by his full name.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Codex Manesse, Bibliotheca Palatina of Heidelberg<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Interestingly, the pointed hat was not always identified with Jews. This style could be found in various places in medieval Europe and was worn by aristocrats and high-ranking officials, among others. Before the 12th<\/sup> century, even English peasants would wear the hat in imitation of the upper classes. How then, did this popular hat eventually come to be associated uniquely with Jews?<\/p>\n

At the height of its fashion, at the turn of the 12th<\/sup> century, the pointed hat suddenly fell out of favor, around the time of the tragic and violent encounter between West and East during the First Crusade. Before making their way to Constantinople and the Holy Land, some crusaders led pogroms against German Jewish communities. These fueled anti-Jewish sentiment and imagery, which featured negative depictions of Jews wearing the pointed hat. Thus the item began to be associated in the medieval European mindset with the “killers of Christ” and with treachery in general. What self-respecting Christian would want to wear such a hat after that?<\/p>\n

Jews\u2019 lives and dress changed dramatically following the decisions of the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215, which decreed that Jews living in Christian lands must dress in a manner that distinguished them from the Christian population. This may also be the reason behind the change in the design of the Christian clergy\u2019s headdress. As you can see in the illustration below, a second point was added to the traditional single-pointed miter.<\/p>\n

\"\"
The Fourth Lateran Council, a 13th<\/sup>-century illustration<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

England was the first among several Western European regions to adopt the identifying badge. The German-speaking cities added to this also the pointed hat. In 1266, the city of Breslau, now Wroclaw, located in western Poland, became the first to adopt the pointed hat as an indicator of Jewish ethnicity. City legislators ruled that the Jews must wear the badge, and \u201creturn to wearing the pointed hat (Pileus Cornutus<\/em>) identified with the Jews in these areas, which in their impudence they have ceased to wear.\u201d<\/p>\n

As opposed to the badge, which was clearly defined by size, shape, and the motif at its center, the shape of the pointed Jewish hat was not. As a result, several types of \u201cJewish hats\u201d appeared in German areas. Some were immediately prohibited, while others were permitted to be worn. However, any attempt to enforce a single agreed-upon form failed.<\/p>\n

As was often the case throughout history, rather than object, the Jewish communal leaders chose to view the decree as a positive commandment. Thus, various rabbis, from Menachem Hameiri (1249\u20131310) in Spain to Yosef Karo (1488\u20131575), author of the Shulhan Arukh<\/em>, in Safed, ruled that a believing Jew may only utter the name of the Lord or pray when his head is covered. Some, like Rabbi Yaakov ben Rabbeinu Asher (1270\u20131340), recommended that Jews not leave their homes with their head uncovered. Thus, one can view the modern yarmulke or kippah as the direct descendant of the attempt to transform the \u201cJewish hat\u201d into something to be proud of \u2013 an integral part of their religious life.<\/p>\n

Below are a few examples of pointed hats in Hebrew and other manuscripts:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Mahzor of the Western Ashkenazi Rite, 13th<\/sup> Century, Bibliotheca Palatina of Heidelberg<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"
Bird\u2019s Head Haggadah<\/a>, 13th<\/sup> Century, the Israel Museum<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Tripartite Mahzor<\/a>, early 14th<\/sup> century, the British Library<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Depicted here is a religious debate between Christian scholars (left) and Jews (right), in a woodcut from 1483 by Johann von Armsheim:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In this Yiddish ad<\/a> from the early 20th<\/sup> century published by Yefet in Jaffa, we see various types of Jewish hats from Ashkenazi communities. The headline reads: \u201cJewish hats from different periods.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Lastly, in the Tr\u00e8s Riches Heures du Duc de Berry<\/em>, a 15th<\/sup>-century Christian Book of Hours, we see the Magi arriving to worship the newborn Jesus in the manger. They too wear the pointed hat.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

For further reading:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Naomi Lubrich, The Wandering Hat: Iterations of the Medieval Jewish Pointed Cap, Jewish History, Vol. 29, No 3\/4 (December 2015), pp. 203-244<\/p>\n

Raphael Straus, The “Jewish Hat” as an Aspect of Social History, Jewish Social Studies , Vol. 4, No. 1 (January, 1942), pp. 59-72<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

How did the pointed hat of European aristocracy become an anti-Jewish Symbol? And was it the forerunner of the modern skullcap?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":83520,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[218],"tags":[],"tags2":[],"class_list":["post-85012","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-judaism"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe Origin of the Jewish Hat<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How did the pointed hat of European aristocracy become an anti-Jewish Symbol? 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