{"id":85007,"date":"2020-10-14T17:34:24","date_gmt":"2020-10-14T14:34:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/?p=85007"},"modified":"2020-10-14T17:34:24","modified_gmt":"2020-10-14T14:34:24","slug":"lbh-bolsheviks-nikolaevsk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/lbh-bolsheviks-nikolaevsk\/","title":{"rendered":"“It Could Never Happen Here”: Before the Bolsheviks Came"},"content":{"rendered":"

In the fall of 1919, rumors of approaching Bolshevik partisans circulated through the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur in the far eastern corner of\u00a0 Siberia…<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cWe are not moving to Japan,\u201d Ilya threw off the sheets and sat up, shrugging his wife off as if she were a snowflake on his collar. The tender mood of their morning tryst had evaporated.<\/p>\n

\u201cBut…once the Amur freezes, there\u2019ll be no getting out until May.\u201d Luba pulled the cover back over herself. “It\u2019s September and the river’s already covered with a layer of ice some mornings. Once the Amur freezes, we won’t be able to get out.” She swallowed hard. “My brother thinks it would be best if we move to Japan for the winter.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ilya sighed and shook his head. \u201cWhat will I do in Hakodate? I have no business there. I barely speak the language.\u201d<\/p>\n

Luba knew he was right on one level, but their safety was more important to her. “Meyer\u2019s offered for us to live with him. He has plenty of room in the house he rented. The two of you can work together.\u201d With political tension on the rise, many of their friends talked of moving, but Ilya didn’t feel the need.<\/p>\n

\u201cI don\u2019t want to be his lackey.\u201d He scowled.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat are you talking about? Meyer\u2019s my brother.\u201d Luba tugged on her husband\u2019s shoulder. \u201cAnd your closest friend.\u201d She pressed her lips into a firm line. Why did Ilya always have to be in charge? His take-charge nature impressed her when they first married, but why couldn’t he at least consider her opinions?<\/p>\n

Ilya pulled away. \u201cYes. When we\u2019re here, on equal footing. But I don\u2019t want to be beholden to him.\u201d Confronted by his back, Luba grazed her fingertips lightly across it as she knew he liked. Ilya turned toward her.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Ilya Kaptzan just before the Nikolaevsk Massacre in 1920<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cI know you\u2019re used to being your own boss, Ilya moy<\/em>.\u201d She raked her hand through his chest hair and played with the brown tufts that sprouted in different directions. \u201cBut it would only be for the winter months. Until the trouble blows over.\u201d<\/p>\n

Luba hoped her touch would assuage her husband. Ilya leaned in and she thought he was capitulating; but then he pulled away, resisting the urge to soften. \u201cThe winter months make up more than half the year. And nobody else is moving away.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNobody else has a place to go,\u201d Luba pointed out.<\/p>\n

Her husband rubbed his neck. \u201cThe trouble\u2019s not here. It\u2019s in the west. In St. Petersburg. Moscow.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNot anymore. You yourself told us the revolution was moving east.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cA little. To Irkutsk\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou said Vladivostok. That\u2019s about as far east as you can get.\u201d She pictured the layout of the country on the globe in Ilya\u2019s study.<\/p>\n

\u201cVladivostok is 500 miles south of here. And Vladivostok is not Nikolaevsk.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWhy is Meyer moving if there\u2019s no cause for concern? Don\u2019t you read your own newspaper?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cMeyer and I have spoken. With his boys of high school age, he thinks they\u2019ll get a better education abroad.\u201d<\/p>\n

Luba huffed in frustration.<\/p>\n

\u201cStop being silly,\u201d he whispered into her ear.<\/p>\n

How she hated when he said that. She faced him squarely. \u201cWhat if they take over, the Bolsheviks?\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Leon Trotsky and other members of the Bolshevik leadership, early 1920s. From the Folklore Research Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem; available<\/a> via the National Library of Israel Digital Collection (Publisher: YIVO)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cWhat if, what if…!\u201d<\/p>\n

Luba\u2019s blood pulsed like a volcano in her core. She took a deep breath. \u201cStop treating me like a child. I\u2019m\u2014\u201d<\/p>\n

Ilya lay back down and stared at the ceiling. \u201cYou sound like a child. You worry too much.\u201d<\/p>\n

Not another lecture. Why did they always have to argue lately? Once Ilya started, there was no stopping. The lawyer in him took over. She wished she could plug her ears.<\/p>\n

\u201cHaven\u2019t I told you that our way of life here in Nikolaevsk represents what the revolutionaries are seeking? Freedom, business opportunities. Why would they want to cause trouble?\u201d<\/p>\n

Leaning on one elbow, Luba looked into her husband\u2019s eyes. \u201cBecause we\u2019re Jews?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThe Jews hate the Tsar as much as the revolutionaries. Nobody\u2019s going to take over our city.\u201d Ilya threaded his fingers through his wife\u2019s falling tresses, pushing some curls behind her ear. She could tell he wished she were still the adoring girl he married.<\/p>\n

\u201cHow do you know?\u201d Luba wanted him to convince her, to hush the whirring that rushed through her veins making her hum like a telegraph wire.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re nestled way up here in the north. Like bears in a cave.\u201d Ilya nudged his wife and tented the comforter over themselves. \u201cHibernating for the winter,\u201d he joked as he nuzzled her neck.<\/p>\n

Luba was tempted to succumb. \u201cBut what about the rumors? All the upheaval everywhere?\u201d How could her husband be so blind?<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s been going on for years now. Up and down, up and down. In recent months, things have calmed considerably. Remember last year? It looked like the Reds were going to take over. And then, poof! We expelled them like that!\u201d He snapped his fingers in Luba\u2019s face. She flicked them away. He lay next to her on the pillows, and ran his finger softly down her arm.<\/p>\n

Couldn\u2019t he tell that she knew he was trying to distract her?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Luba with her five children after surviving the 1920 Nikolaevsk Massacre and the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake in Yokohama<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Finally, he gave up. \u201cIf you\u2019re so worried,\u201d he said, \u201cwhy don\u2019t you take the children and move to Hakodate yourself?\u201d<\/p>\n

That caught her off guard. \u201cWithout you?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIf it makes you happy.\u201d Oh, was she tempted. She pictured the family living in surroundings akin to their dacha<\/em>, but far from the reach of encroaching partisans. Could she live without Ilya for seven months? What would people say? And to leave him behind with his mother who surely would not desert her son like her? Luba would never hear the end of it.<\/p>\n

Ilya got out of bed. \u201cI have to get to work. You wouldn\u2019t have me arrive late, would you?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOf course not,\u201d she grumbled under her breath. She watched him dress and leave, then plunged into her feather pillow. She didn\u2019t really want to move to Japan where none of them spoke the language and the only people they knew were her brother and his family. She just didn\u2019t want to remain in Nikolaevsk.<\/p>\n

Luba shook herself.\u00a0 Was she being silly after all? Could Ilya be right that the threats would melt like snow in Spring? That nothing bad would ever happen here?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, ca. 1900<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The account above is a fictionalized exchange between my grandparents, Ilya and Luba Kaptzan, in the midst of a violent and unpredictable time. It appears in Red Winter<\/em>, a novel inspired by the true story of what happened to my grandmother Luba during the winter of 1920. Her family was living in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, a thriving city on the far eastern coast of Siberia.<\/p>\n

My grandfather Ilya was a businessman, lawyer and editor of the local newspaper, The Amursky Liman<\/em>. He and Luba were born and raised in the city which was known for its natural resources\u2014salmon, lumber, furs and mines\u2014and also for its lack of religious persecution. The town had its own synagogue, mosque, church and cathedral and because it was frozen from the rest of the world for half of every year, all the occupants celebrated one another\u2019s holidays together.<\/p>\n

The residents were aware that trouble was brewing in the west since the Russian Revolution of 1917, but most felt safe in their remote location. Because my grandfather refused to leave, he ended up being one of the first to be imprisoned\u2014and ultimately murdered\u2014by the Bolshevik partisans who entered Nikolaevsk once the river froze, cutting the city off from all possible aid.<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
“Russians were murdered by the Bolsheviks in the thousands, their property plundered. Hundreds of human corpses were strewn outside the city, unburied.” From a description of the Nikolaevsk Massacre published in the Haaretz<\/em> newspaper shortly afterwards. Click for the full article<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Luba was left on her own with five young children, her mother-in-law and epileptic sister-in-law. At first, the family lived under house arrest when the Reds conscripted their home and relegated them to servant status. Later, they managed to escape, only to spend the winter months hiding in pigsties, warehouses and opium dens while the bloodthirsty intruders tried to track them down. By the end of the winter, ninety percent of Nikolaevsk\u2019s population had been killed.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

This article has been published as part of Gesher L\u2019Europa<\/a>, the National Library of Israel\u2019s initiative to share stories and connect with people, institutions and communities in Europe and beyond.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

For more \u201cJewish Journeys\u201d, check out our online exhibition<\/a>\u00a0launched in collaboration with AEPJ as part of European Days of Jewish Culture 2020.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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Her musical, TO DANCE was based on the true story of Valery Panov, a brilliant ballet dancer whose ascending career was brought down by the KGB because of his Jewish ancestry. Kyra lives in New York City where she is working on a book about her father\u2019s experiences growing up in Shanghai during WWII. Visit her at kyrarobinov.com. 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