{"id":81728,"date":"2020-08-02T15:12:36","date_gmt":"2020-08-02T12:12:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/?p=81728"},"modified":"2024-09-22T12:30:57","modified_gmt":"2024-09-22T09:30:57","slug":"abraham_islam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/abraham_islam\/","title":{"rendered":"Abraham the Pilgrim: An Islamic Perspective"},"content":{"rendered":"

Everyone thinks they know the story of Abraham, the biblical patriarch. The first monotheist, he left his father\u2019s house and followed God\u2019s command to go to the Promised Land. His wife Sarah was barren and he had a child, Ishmael, with his handmaiden Hagar; Sarah later forced the mother and son into exile. God revealed to him that he would be the forefather to a great nation, and Sarah gave birth to Isaac. God then asked the father to sacrifice his son, a ritual killing only narrowly averted by last-minute angelic intervention.<\/p>\n

For Jewish and Christian readers of the book of Genesis\u2014and later commentaries on those stories\u2014Abraham is one of the best-known biblical figures. However, Abraham and his stories also have another life. In the Quran, where he is mentioned in some 245 verses, and the vast commentary literature on the pre-Islamic prophets, known as \u201cstories of the prophets\u201d (qissas al-anbiya<\/em>), Abraham plays a central role as founding monotheist, forefather, and forerunner to the Prophet Muhammad.<\/p>\n

The Quran calls Abraham khalil Allah<\/em>, the friend of God (and the source of the Arabic name al-Khalil for the city of Hebron) and hanif<\/em>, a term that distinguishes Abraham from the idol-worshipping polytheism into which he was born; Muhammad is called by the same term. Like the Bible, the Quran also relates the accounts of Abraham\u2019s setting out for a new land, his covenant with God, the announcement of the birth of Isaac in his old age, and his attempted sacrifice of his son\u2014though in the Quranic story it is unclear which son is the sacrifice, and later commentators disagree whether the story refers to Isaac or to Ishmael.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
A folio from a 1601 Indian manuscript<\/a> of the Quran showing Surat al-Baqarah<\/em>, verse 257, which mentions Abraham, the National Library of Israel collections<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

But there is a twist: the Quran also includes tales that do not appear in the biblical tradition at all. Many of those stories are woven into one of the most important Islamic rituals: the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, known as the hajj<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Every year, the hajj<\/em> brings millions of Muslims from across the globe to the sacred sites in Mecca, the city of the Prophet Muhammad\u2019s birth where he received his first revelations. The order of the rituals – known as manasik<\/em> and celebrated during the pilgrimage – was fixed by the prophet himself. When believers today circle the Ka\u2018ba, the \u201cHouse of God\u201d that is the holiest site in Islam and which Muslims face in their prayers, they are following the example of the prophet when he took part in his first and only hajj<\/em> in 630 CE, just before his death.<\/p>\n

But they are also following in the footsteps of Abraham. While stories about Abraham\u2019s role in the hajj<\/em> actually predate Islam, and were part of the pilgrimage to the Ka\u2018ba, an ancient site of worship, long before the Prophet Muhammad, the Quranic revelation canonized those tales as part of the new religion.<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n
\"\"<\/a>
Illustration of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, including the Ka’ba and the Maqam Ibrahim, from the 1643 Turkish poem on pilgrimage rituals, the men\u0101sik \u00fcl- \u1e25acc<\/em><\/a>, the National Library of Israel collections<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The Quran tells us that Abraham and Ishmael built the Ka\u2018ba and purified it. As Quran 2:125 states:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

And <\/em>[remember] when We made the House a place of visitation for mankind, and a sanctuary. \u201cTake the station of Abraham as a place of prayer.\u201d And We made a covenant with Abraham and Ishmael, “Purify My House for those who circumambulate, those who make retreat, and those who bow and prostrate.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The station or place of Abraham (maqam Ibrahim<\/em>) mentioned in the verse is located inside the Grand Mosque in Mecca near the Ka\u2018ba. The spot, where pilgrims pray as one of the hajj <\/em>rituals, is marked with a stone that tradition states bears Abraham\u2019s footprint. Commentators have relayed a number of versions of how Abraham\u2019s footprint became embedded in the stone: that he stood on the stone when building the upper walls of the Ka\u2018ba, or that he stood there when calling on all humanity to perform the pilgrimage, or that Abraham himself prayed on the stone. Some commentators, like the historian of Mecca Al-Azraqi (d. 834), say that Abraham and Ishmael did not just build the Ka\u2018ba but performed all the hajj<\/em> rituals, just as they are done today.<\/p>\n

The story of Hagar and Ishmael, one of the most plaintive in the Bible, is closely connected to the hajj<\/em> as well. According to the eminent medieval historian al-Tabari (839-923), after Sarah forced out Hagar and Ishmael, the angel Gabriel directed Abraham to lead them to the future site of the Ka\u2018ba, which was then a barren hill of clay.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Illustration of the hills of Safa (top) and Marwa (bottom), from the 1643 Turkish poem on pilgrimage rituals, the men\u0101sik \u00fcl- \u1e25acc<\/em><\/a>, the National Library of Israel collections<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

After Abraham left the mother and infant son behind, Ishmael became thirsty, but there was no water to be found. Desperate, Hagar thought she heard the sound of running water on the nearby hill of Safa, but found nothing; she thought she heard a sound on the hill of Marwa, too, but found nothing. After running back and forth between the hills, located just a few hundred meters from the Ka\u2018ba, she came back to Ishmael and found him sitting in water that had miraculously burst forth from an underground spring.<\/p>\n

This story, told in other versions as well, is meant to explain the hajj<\/em> rituals of sa\u2018y<\/em>, \u201crunning\u201d back and forth seven times between the two hills\u2014a ritual now conducted in a covered corridor with designated lanes for forward and back\u2014and drinking the waters of the Zamzam spring.<\/p>\n

Rooting the hajj<\/em> rituals in the life of Abraham connects Muslims\u2014historically and today\u2014in an unbroken chain to the purest, most authentic, and ancient monotheistic traditions. That is part of the reason why the experience of the hajj<\/em> is so powerful for those who take part in it. Muslim children around the world grow up with these stories, \u201cinternalizing their geography as a personal landscape whose contours and history define who they are,\u201d as contemporary thinker Ziauddin Sardar has written (Mecca: The Sacred City,<\/a><\/em> London: Bloomsbury, 2014). During the hajj<\/em> the geography of those narratives transcendently comes to life.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

This article is part of the Maktoub digital Islamic manuscripts project at the National Library of Israel. \u00a0Supported by the\u00a0Arcadia Fund<\/a>, Maktoub will provide free, global access to more than 2,500 rare Arabic, Persian, and Turkish manuscripts and books preserved at the Library, and to the stories behind their creation.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

If you liked this article, try these:<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Ka\u2018ba of the Heart: The Hajj in Islamic Mysticism<\/a><\/p>\n

The Hejaz Railway: The Train That Connected an Empire<\/a><\/p>\n

Abraham Shalom Yahuda: The Scholar, the Collector and the Collections<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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