{"id":70071,"date":"2020-03-18T13:45:57","date_gmt":"2020-03-18T11:45:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/?p=70071"},"modified":"2022-06-14T11:45:53","modified_gmt":"2022-06-14T08:45:53","slug":"hoi-haganah-43","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/hoi-haganah-43\/","title":{"rendered":"Historic Caricatures of Haganah Prisoners in British Custody"},"content":{"rendered":"

Putting aside the introduction and the assortment of press clippings, one might think that the album of the \u201cHaganah 43\u201d<\/a> (the Haganah was the largest Jewish paramilitary organization in Mandatory Palestine between 1920 and 1948) was just another soldier\u2019s yearbook filled with stories of their heroic deeds, funny caricatures, and photographs of smiling young men – the kind of military service that might be the envy of many.<\/p>\n

“In the early dawn hours of October 5th<\/sup>, 1939, catastrophe struck during a secret military exercise in the Lower Galilee: Without warning, we were surrounded, stripped of our weapons and escorted to Acre prison where the gates shut with a bang behind us. It was a very different, not to mention much longer and much more tormenting ending than originally planned to officer\u2019s training course No. 2\u2026”<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
The introduction to the album, apparently written by Moshe Carmel<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The detention coincided with the end of the collaboration between the British military and the Haganah during the Arab uprisings of 1936\u20131939, after which the British forces once again considered the Haganah one of a number of underground movements in the country that needed to be suppressed. The 43 detainees were taking part in a commander’s course at Yavniel, which was disguised as an innocent “Hapoel” physical training course. Many considered the severity of the sentence as the embodiment of the Mandatory regime\u2019s malicious caprice\u201442 of the detainees were sentenced to 10 years in prison, and Avshalom Tao, who had pointed his weapon at the British, was sentenced to life.<\/p>\n

They were taken first to Acre Prison and from there to Mizra Detention Camp. The detainees, who often referred to themselves as prisoners, testified that the sentencing was carried out \u201cby a swift military tribunal which had the air of a rubber-stamp procedure”. Even worse than the conditions of their detention was the timing of the \u00a0Mandatory government\u2019s decision to \u201cimpose years-long sentences on the 43 young Jewish defense officers,\u201d one month into World War II, \u201cwhen the Jewish community was summoned to mobilize \u00a0all its forces against Nazism, which was rising up to enslave the world and destroy our people.\u201d<\/p>\n

It was all true; everything was serious and urgent. And yet, it\u2019s hard not to take note of the atmosphere of brotherhood, and dare we say, frivolity and humor that characterizes the album \u2013 once you get past the somber introduction. Let\u2019s take a look.<\/p>\n

The Haganah album in the Library\u2019s collection was given as a memento to Major General Yohanan Ratner, a leader of the Haganah and an architect in civilian life. It opens with a\u00a0 \u201cmemorial\u201d page of sorts showing three detainees (from right to left) \u2013 Yaakov Gordon, Mordechai Plutchnik and Shlomo Ben Yehuda \u2013 who had fallen during their service in the Haganah, following their release from Acre Prison.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
“In Memoriam to the members who fell in the fulfillment of their duties after the release”<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

On the next page, we find the course commanders (who were imprisoned with their cadets) \u2013 their names are not noted on the page. With the help of Omri Shabtai, we were able to identify the prisoner on the far right who appears above the caption “Supervisor” (the English word transliterated into Hebrew letters – \u05e1\u05d5\u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05d9\u05d6\u05e8). This was the prisoners’ representative in dealing with the prison’s staff. He would go on the serve as the IDF’s fourth Chief of Staff, as well as Israel’s Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Defense \u2013 the “Supervisor” was none other than Moshe Dayan, then just 24 years old.<\/p>\n

Above and to the left of Dayan, dribbling a soccer ball, is Moshe Zelitsky (Carmel), who would go on to command the IDF’s Carmeli Brigade during Israel’s War of Independence, capturing Acre and the prison which had held him, among other exploits. To the left of Carmel is Raphael Lev, who commanded the officer’s course which had been interrupted by the arrest of the 43. Lev was a former battalion commander in the Austrian army and had also been active in the Republikanischer Schutzbund paramilitary organization.<\/p>\n

On the bottom-left is “The Mukhtar” \u2013 Yaakov Salomon \u2013 who was the Haganah prisoners’ representative to the Arab prisoners being held at the facility.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
“The commanders” – Moshe Dayan, the “Supervisor”, is on the far right<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The picture below appears to show three of the prisoners “In Full Costume”, as the Hebrew caption suggests, wearing ponchos and mischievous smirks while brandishing buckets and a broom. The exact significance of the episode remains unclear, however.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
“In Full Costume”<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

One page of the album is dedicated to the Jerusalemite prisoners, while others are devoted to those hailing from the cities of Tel Aviv and Haifa. Below is the kibbutznik page, which includes portraits of prisoners answering to such nicknames as: “Ulcer\u201d (top right); \u201cThe Ballerina and the Hummus\u201d (bottom-center); \u201cBunny\u201d (bottom-left); and the \u201cPreacher\u201d of the group (top left).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
“The Kibbutzniks”<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
The captions below the sketches read, from right to left, “Bad,Bad, Bad!”, “Who knows?” and “Oy vavoy!”. The photo on the left features Moshe Dayan on the right, as well as an unclear caption \u2013 \u05d5\u05d0\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9\u05de\u05d6\u05e1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Without an expert to help guide us through the album, many of the cryptic quotes and phrases remain unsolved puzzles: for example, on the next-to-last page, who are \u201cThe Captain and the Snakes\u201d?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u201cThe Captain and the Snakes\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

At the end of the album is a press clipping reporting the joyous news: \u201cThe 43 are Being Released Today,\u201d after almost a year and a half of pressure from Jewish leaders on the Mandatory authorities.<\/p>\n

The 43 were freed on February 17th<\/sup>, 1941. According to the article: \u201cFrom yesterday morning, small cars and busses filled with the prisoners\u2019 families, friends and acquaintances flowed into the central bay near Acre. The kibbutz was designated as the greeting point, where they dined at noon.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
“The 43 Are Being Released Today”<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Four months after their release, former detainee Moshe Dayan would find himself with an elite Palmach force in Syria, alongside British forces, in an operation in which he would lose his left eye.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Do you know the context of the drawings in the album? Can you provide us with more information? Feel free to write in the comments below or contact:<\/strong> Chen.malul@nli.org.il<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

If you liked this article, try these:<\/strong><\/p>\n

From the Political Wilderness to the Asian Jungle: Moshe Dayan in Vietnam<\/a><\/p>\n

Israeli and Egyptian Soldiers in a 1948 Group Photo: The Story Behind a Picture<\/a><\/p>\n

Scenes from the Battlefield: A Jewish Artist\u2019s Memories of WWI<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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