{"id":45286,"date":"2019-05-27T16:33:12","date_gmt":"2019-05-27T13:33:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/?p=45286"},"modified":"2019-05-27T17:14:41","modified_gmt":"2019-05-27T14:14:41","slug":"roman_inquisition_manuscript","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/roman_inquisition_manuscript\/","title":{"rendered":"A Matter of Faith: Ferrara Manuscript Outlines Orthodoxy and Heresy Between Jewish and Christian Traditions"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\n<p><script>(function(d, s, id) {\n  var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];\n  if (d.getElementById(id)) return;\n  js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id;\n  js.src = 'https:\/\/connect.facebook.net\/en_GB\/sdk.js#xfbml=1&version=v3.1&appId=488871037847617&autoLogAppEvents=1';\n  fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);\n}(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk'));<\/script><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Italian manuscript <em>A General Response to the Desecration of Sanctity in the Hebrew Books<\/em> (henceforth <em>Response<\/em>), now kept by the National Library of Israel, provides an important example of Catholic book censorship in the modern age. Written by an anonymous Jewish author in Ferrara during the seventeenth century, this document focuses on religious disputes concerning the accusation of blasphemy made by the censors of the Roman Inquisition against rabbinical literature.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The accusations made against Hebrew texts refer especially to Talmudic works whose reading could lead to negative interpretations of Christianity.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In order to effectively forbid these texts, Catholic censors needed to control any source of Jewish culture which could be spread easily among Christians. The printing of books and documents in the modern age revealed itself to be an excellent means of canonization. The main problem concerning Hebrew texts in the modern era was related to their availability as they were often limited to Jewish communities. The view held by the Catholic Church regarding Jews and Judaism was strongly conditioned by the polemic work \u201c<em>Pugio Fidei<\/em>,\u201d or, in English, \u201cDagger of Faith,\u201d written by the Dominican friar Ramon Mart\u00ed. It\u2019s possible to identify two interpretative lines about Judaism in this document: the first interpretation is founded on the idea that holy Jewish books are full of useful evidence of religious truths, thanks to the many resemblances with Christianity, while the second traces a negative connotation of Hebrew texts, with emphasis on the Talmud. The negative inclination in the <em>Pugio <\/em>reclaims the traditional thesis on the vanity of Talmudic literature, that is seen as a blasphemous attack on Christians. The success of the negative narrative posed about Judaism led to the censorship of Jewish texts.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Since the above-mentioned manuscript is a \u201cgeneral response\u201d to the Roman Inquisition, let us now examine its structure in order to better understand its content.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_45297\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-45297\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-45297\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response1-798x600.jpg\" alt=\"1\" width=\"500\" height=\"376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response1-798x600.jpg 798w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response1-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response1-768x577.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response1.jpg 1217w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-45297\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A page from within the manuscript, &#8220;General Response to the Desecration of Sanctity in the Hebrew Books.&#8221; In the margins, there are long quotes and citations in Hebrew. From the National Library of Israel collections.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>General Analysis of the <em>General Response<\/em>: A Philosophical and Philological Profile<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">One interesting aspect worthy of consideration in the manuscript is the use of philosophical reasoning to argue the theory that Hebrew texts do not contain negative remarks about Christianity. In order to support this thesis, the anonymous author of the code presents eight \u201cuniversal reasons\u201d that would demonstrate the unfoundedness of the accusations against rabbinic literature.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The first universal reason explained by the author focuses on the importance of prayer in Jewish tradition, whose history is proved through important textual references from Flavius Josephus or from Philo of Alexandria, who describes the devotion of Jewish prayer in his \u201c<em>De Legazione ad Caium Imperatorem\u201d.<\/em> These references serve as fundamental proof of the benevolence Jews had towards other nations and their leaders, even during and after the destruction of Jerusalem, as Josephus&#8217;\u00a0<em>Bellum Iudaicum<\/em>\u00a0shows. Words like \u201cidolaters\u201d and \u201cheretics\u201d begin to appear in the first two pages of the manuscript to exhort the readers to understand that such terms refer to Babylonians and Romans, who are seen as idolatrous pagans. Hence, definitions such these can\u2019t and mustn\u2019t be seen as reffering to Christians, according to the author.<\/p>\n<h4><strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/299090977346058\/\">Join our group to learn more about Jewish life in Europe: <\/a><\/strong><\/h4>\n<div align=\"center\">\n<div class=\"fb-group\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/299090977346058\/\/\" data-width=\"280\" data-show-social-context=\"true\" data-show-metadata=\"true\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The second universal reason is founded on a syllogism. It states that all people who follow the seven laws of Noah will partially enjoy Heaven. As Christians follow the seven laws of Noah, they, according to Jewish beliefs, will partially enjoy Heaven. The consequence of this reasoning confirms again that Christians cannot be percieved as idolaters or heretics by Jews, also because they share a common concept of blasphemy. In fact, in both Christian and Jewish holy texts it is forbidden to be involved in actions that offend God, including idolatry, homicide, adultery or theft.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_45288\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-45288\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-45288\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response2-798x600.jpg\" alt=\"A General Response to the Desecration of Sanctity in the Hebrew Books \" width=\"500\" height=\"376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response2-798x600.jpg 798w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response2-768x577.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response2.jpg 1220w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-45288\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A page from within the manuscript, <em>General Response to the Desecration of Sanctity in the Hebrew Books<\/em>, from the National Library of Israel collections.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It\u2019s also clear that, although Christians share some religious beliefs with Jews, they don\u2019t necessarily observe <em>all <\/em>the same rules. For example, the precepts regarding the eating of meat from a slaughtered animal aren\u2019t part of Christian orthodoxy, but yet Christians still are till given the opportunity to achieve\u00a0 \u201ceternal happiness\u201d. This is possible because they are seen as \u201cgood and pious.\u201d The author focuses his attention on the meaning of the expression \u201cgood and pious\u201d, and dedicated his third\u00a0 in argument to this point. Since Christians believe that the seven laws of Noah came from God, the requisite of being \u201cgood and pious\u201d is fulfilled. In addition, it is not necessary to follow all the seven laws given to Noah as long as one of them is observed with \u201cgood intention.\u201d Moreover, the author explains a passage from the ninth psalm of David, recalling that these verses describe the fate of those who are not \u201cgood and pious,\u201d pointing out that the expression \u201call people who leave God\u201d \u00a0(<em>Obliviscuntur<\/em>\u00a0literally means \u201cthey forget\u201d and can be interpreted as \u201c they leave\u201d in a figurative sense) is meant for those who are neither good nor pious, seeing as they deny the glory of God.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">For what concerns the goodness of Christians, in the manuscript it is written that the Ten Commandments they follow are thought to have come from God and this proves a convergence between Jewish and Christian beliefs: the Ten Commandments\u00a0given to Moses include many precepts shared with Judaism and given the fact that Christians follow many precepts of Mosaic Law with good intentions , consequently they can\u2019t be described as heretics or idolaters.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_45291\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-45291\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-45291\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response3-794x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"378\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response3-794x600.jpg 794w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response3-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response3-768x581.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response3.jpg 1222w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-45291\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A page from within the manuscript, <em>General Response to the Desecration of Sanctity in the Hebrew Books<\/em>, from the National Library of Israel collections.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the <em>Response, <\/em>the theme of religious observance is often reiterated through references to Don Isaac Abarbanel, a philosopher, statesman and biblical commentator, King David (in his fourteenth psalm), or the prophet Isaiah, whose verses are mentioned to affirm the need to follow even just one precept to avoid damnation. Proceeding in the analysis of the manuscript, the author explains that the rabbinic doctrine on intention in religious observance is surely influenced by the moral philosophy of Aristotle. His theory of purpose is founded on the notion of prudence, as explained in the sixth book of Nicomachean Ethics, where it is written that each moral virtue depends on prudence, defined as the \u201ccommon form of virtues.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The anonymous author presents a fourth universal reason, maintaining that there are three aspects to be considered for a correct evaluation of rabbinical texts including when these books were written, who wrote them, and for whom. Following this argument, words like \u201cidolaters\u201d or \u201cheretics\u201d are to be intended for those people living when \u201cancient rabbis\u201d instituted their doctrines, and without any doubt, in that historical period, Christianity wasn\u2019t yet established. In particular, Babylonian and Roman ceremonies are seen by the ancient Jewish sages as examples of idolatry and blasphemy. In addition, a certain passage from Saint Augustine (<em>De Civitate Dei<\/em>, 23) is mentioned, which describes both the Babylonian captivity of the Jews and the destruction of the 2nd temple of Jerusalem under the Roman Empire. The first event happened before the emergence of Christianity, while the second was the result of an expansionist policy led by the Roman Empire when Christians communities were persecuted as well.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_45293\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-45293\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-45293\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response4-801x600.jpg\" alt=\"A page from within the manuscript, &quot;General Response to the Desecration of Sanctity in the Hebrew Books,&quot; from the National Library of Israel collections.\" width=\"500\" height=\"374\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response4-801x600.jpg 801w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response4-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response4-768x575.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response4.jpg 1222w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-45293\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A page from within the manuscript, <em>General Response to the Desecration of Sanctity in the Hebrew Books<\/em>, from the National Library of Israel collections.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The author also states that most of the content reffering to rabbinical texts is unclear, containing many ambiguous terms and figures that are easily misunderstandable, and for this reason they are percieved as offensive by Christians, even if they not addressed to them. Additionally, the author describes Christianity as a religion which is very close to Judaism, since it shares many common beliefs. He even argues that Judaim holds a benevolent attitude towards Christianity. The word \u201cidolaters\u201d therefore appears to be associated with \u201cgentiles.\u201d The term \u201cgoyim\u201d refers to a non-Jewish nation and in the manuscript, this definition is used in reference to the Babylonians people. The author&#8217;s fifth argument make the case that none of these words refer to Christians, since Christians were called \u201cNazarenes\u201d, and this epithet is significant since it distinguishes \u201corthodox\u201d Christians from Arian Christians, who are mentioned as heretics in the manuscript\/<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This point is strictly related to the sixth argument brought forth by the author, in which he writes that the above-mentioned terms are so generic that they can easily refer to other nations or groups of non-Christian people:\u00a0 these words even can be associated to communities inside Judaism.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Given the fact that the above-mentioned epithets are ambiguous, it cannot be concluded that they are addressed to someone in particular, as illustrated by the seventh argument; furthermore, blasphemy is assumed to be founded on a malicious intent, therefore something that is never verified cannot be presumed without evidence, in accordance with the eighth argument.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_45295\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-45295\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-45295\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response5-802x600.jpg\" alt=\"A page from within the manuscript, &quot;General Response to the Desecration of Sanctity in the Hebrew Books,&quot; from the National Library of Israel collections.\" width=\"500\" height=\"374\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response5-802x600.jpg 802w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response5-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response5-768x575.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/response5.jpg 1223w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-45295\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A page from within the manuscript, <em>General Response to the Desecration of Sanctity in the Hebrew Books<\/em>, from the National Library of Israel collections.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">After the presentation of all the eight \u201cuniversal reasons,\u201d \u00a0the last page of the manuscript seems incomplete; \u00a0nevertheless, it makes sense to affirm that the anonymous author of this code managed to discuss all the eight points of his reasoning with historical, theological, philological and philosophical references that together contribute to a better perspective on the relationship between Jewish and Christian traditions.<\/p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A 17th-century Italian manuscript sheds light on an important example of Catholic book censorship in the modern age<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":161,"featured_media":45301,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[216],"tags":[305,649],"tags2":[],"class_list":["post-45286","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-diaspora","tag-europe","tag-gesherleuropa"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A Matter of Faith: Ferrara Manuscript Outlines Orthodoxy and Heresy Between Jewish and Christian Traditions<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A 17th-century Italian manuscript sheds light on an important example of Catholic book censorship in the modern age\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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