{"id":32133,"date":"2018-09-02T14:12:51","date_gmt":"2018-09-02T11:12:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/?p=32133"},"modified":"2021-11-09T11:53:26","modified_gmt":"2021-11-09T09:53:26","slug":"worms_mahzor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/worms_mahzor\/","title":{"rendered":"The 13th Century Manuscript That Was Saved From the Nazis"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\n<p><script>(function(d, s, id) {\n  var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];\n  if (d.getElementById(id)) return;\n  js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id;\n  js.src = 'https:\/\/connect.facebook.net\/he_IL\/sdk.js#xfbml=1&version=v3.1&appId=1786539528049428&autoLogAppEvents=1';\n  fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);\n}(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk'));<\/script><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">November 10, 1938, the morning after Kristallnacht.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Shattered glass glittered in the streets and the smoking remains of Jewish businesses and synagogues stood as witness to the violence and rampant destruction instigated by the Nazi mobs the previous evening. An eerie quiet fell on the streets of Germany that morning following the arrest and deportation of 30,000 Jews from their homes to the concentration camps where they would await their fate. Fear gripped the hearts of the Jewish community as its members surveyed the damage and questioned their safety and what the future held in store.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dr. Freidrich M. Illert, the director of the local cultural institutions and the archivist of the city of Worms, immediately recognized that the extent of the damage was far beyond what most could perceive. It wasn\u2019t just the physical businesses and places of worship that had been lost in the fires; the historical documents and archives of the Jewish community may very well have been included among the victims. The Great Synagogue of Worms had gone up in flames and he feared that, along with the building, the community\u2019s archive which contained irreplaceable historical documents and books may have also been lost.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_32157\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-32157\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-73-volume-2-worms-machzor.jpg\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-32157\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-73-volume-2-worms-machzor-926x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-73-volume-2-worms-machzor-926x600.jpg 926w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-73-volume-2-worms-machzor-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-73-volume-2-worms-machzor-768x498.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-73-volume-2-worms-machzor.jpg 1404w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-32157\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A page from the Worms Mahzor, from the NLI Collections. Click image to enlarge.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Included in the archive was the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nli.org.il\/en\/manuscripts\/NNL_ALEPH000044560\/NLI#$FL21042139\">Worms Mahzor<\/a>, a set of manuscripts consisting of two volumes, one that was written in 1272 and a second that was written in 1280. The two-volume set was used by the cantors of the community to lead the congregation of the Great Synagogue of Worms in the traditional holiday prayer services for centuries.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The two volumes were written by different scribes and it is not absolutely clear where they were written. The first volume was written by the scribe Simcha ben Yehuda and in the prayers for the seventh day of Passover, a marginal note reads: \u201cThis is said aloud on that day, such is the rite of W\u00fcrzburg.\u201d Based on this notation as well as the illustrations included in the manuscript which bare resemblance to other documents originating from that region, it is believed the volume originated from the area of W\u00fcrzburg.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/299090977346058\/\">Join our group to learn more about Jewish life in Europe:<\/a><\/strong><\/h4>\n<div align=\"center\">\n<div class=\"fb-group\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/299090977346058\/\/\" data-width=\"280\" data-show-social-context=\"true\" data-show-metadata=\"true\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Written on parchment in decorative Ashkenazic calligraphy, the Mahzor features illustrations and embellishments drawn in colorful inks. Over the years, different cantors as late as the 14<sup>th<\/sup> century had added their own notations to the first volume showing that the Mahzor had been used in prayer services for centuries.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_32136\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-32136\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-204-worms-machzor.jpg\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-32136\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-204-worms-machzor-944x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"318\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-204-worms-machzor-944x600.jpg 944w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-204-worms-machzor-300x191.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-204-worms-machzor-768x488.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-204-worms-machzor.jpg 1474w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-32136\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A page from the Worms Mahzor, from the NLI Collections. Click image to enlarge.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The 13th-century manuscript also contains the oldest known sample of written Yiddish. The scribe of the Mahzor wrote a blessing for the man who carried the weighty book to the synagogue for prayer services. Hidden in the letters of the prayer for dew traditionally recited on Passover, the blessing reads, \u201cLet a good day shine for him, who will carry this Mahzor to the synagogue.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_32165\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-32165\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/yiddishblessing-1.jpg\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-32165\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/yiddishblessing-1-970x511.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/yiddishblessing-1-970x511.jpg 970w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/yiddishblessing-1-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/yiddishblessing-1-768x405.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/yiddishblessing-1.jpg 1322w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-32165\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The blessing for the carrier of the Mahzor hidden inside the letters, &#8220;B&#8217;daato.&#8221; From the NLI Collections. Click image to enlarge.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">During his desperate search for information, Dr. Illert discovered that the community archive had been spared the inferno that destroyed the Great Synagogue but the whereabouts of the archive and how it had survived remained a mystery. He sought the help of the Worms municipality and the Hesse State government in tracking down the archive but, despite his greatest efforts, his search proved futile.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Years later, in the summer of 1943, Dr. Illert was invited to the palace in Darmstadt by the local Gestapo officials to help decipher foreign manuscripts. He was led down the stairs of the palace to the basement to view the books. After just a cursory glance at what lay in front of him, Dr. Illert realized he was looking at the archives of the Jewish community of Worms. After a quick search, he discovered that buried deep in the pile of books and documents lay the two volumes of the precious Worms Mahzor.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_32141\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-32141\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-2-volume-2-worms-machzor.jpg\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-32141\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-2-volume-2-worms-machzor-868x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"346\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-2-volume-2-worms-machzor-868x600.jpg 868w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-2-volume-2-worms-machzor-300x207.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-2-volume-2-worms-machzor-768x531.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-2-volume-2-worms-machzor.jpg 1364w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-32141\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A page from the Worms Mahzor, from the NLI Collections. Click image to enlarge.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dr. Illert was determined to rescue the archives and the historical documents from likely destruction at the hands of the Nazis. At great personal risk, he began slowly and methodically removing items from the basement, transferring the archive to the towers of one of the city\u2019s cathedrals for safekeeping, a decision that also spared the documents from destruction when the allied forces bombed the city.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_32143\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-32143\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-60-worms-machzor.jpg\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-32143\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-60-worms-machzor-918x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"327\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-60-worms-machzor-918x600.jpg 918w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-60-worms-machzor-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-60-worms-machzor-768x502.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/page-60-worms-machzor.jpg 1432w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-32143\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A page from the Worms Mahzor, from the NLI Collections. Click image to enlarge.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The archive, along with the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nli.org.il\/en\/manuscripts\/NNL_ALEPH000044560\/NLI#$FL21042139\">Mahzor<\/a>, survived the horrors of the war and in 1956, legal negotiations began in the hopes of transferring the Worms archive to Israel. In June of 1957, the two-volume Mahzor was brought to the National Library of Israel for preservation and safekeeping and the rest of the archive of the Jewish community of Worms was transferred to the Central Archives for the History of the Jewish people.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>This post was written as part of Gesher L\u2019Europa, the NLI\u2019s initiative to connect with Europe and make our collections available to diverse audiences in Europe and beyond.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><script type='text\/javascript'>\n            (function () {\n                        var _atpopq = window._atpopq || (window._atpopq = []);\n                        window._atpopobj = {};\n                        if (!_atpopq.loaded) {\n                                    var atpopjs = document.createElement('script');\n                                    atpopjs.type = 'text\/javascript';\n                                    atpopjs.async = true;\n                  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