{"id":26501,"date":"2018-05-31T15:21:14","date_gmt":"2018-05-31T12:21:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/?p=26501"},"modified":"2019-09-11T13:49:52","modified_gmt":"2019-09-11T10:49:52","slug":"eichmann_stenographers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/eichmann_stenographers\/","title":{"rendered":"The Labor Dispute that Nearly Halted the Eichmann Trial"},"content":{"rendered":"

A few meters from the glass cell in which Adolph Eichmann sat in the courtroom at the People\u2019s House in Tel Aviv, a team of shorthand stenographers labored to document what became known in the Israeli media as \u201cthe trial of the century.\u201d The pressure imposed upon the members of the team, the many hearings and the scrambling for data that followed, took a heavy toll, almost sabotaging the course of the trial of one of the worst murderers of the Jewish people in history.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
The courtroom at the People\u2019s House during the Eichmann trial. Photo from July 12th, 1961. From the National Library\u2019s Eichmann Trial Album<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Preparations for the \u201cTrial of the Century\u201d<\/h3>\n

Five months before Adolph Eichmann, Head of the Jewish Department at the SS, went on trial, Police Superintendent Yitzchak Shapira invited Yaacov Maimon to his office and asked him a single question: How should the most important trial in the history of the State of Israel be documented? Maimon, inventor of the Hebrew shorthand and a veteran Aliyah activist, laid before Shapira the advantages and shortcomings of recording the trial on tape and instead recommended the deployment of a team of stenographers. During that initial conversation Maimon raised the difficulties the team of stenographers would face. First, the right stenographers would have to be found (among those whom the Knesset had yet to recruit). Second, they would have to contend with the amalgam of languages expected to be used at the trial.<\/p>\n

At the second meeting between Shapira and Maimon, the latter was informed that his proposal had been accepted and he was asked to provide a detailed list of the equipment he would need. For the first time in his career as a stenographer, Maimon signed a multi-section contract detailing the obligations of the stenographers\u2019 team, to be headed by Maimon himself.<\/p>\n

During Maimon\u2019s long career hitherto, he often had to contend with difficulties and complications stemming from the fact that his chosen field of occupation was in its infancy. In 1948, as a resident of Jerusalem under siege, he was tasked with creating a team of stenographers from scratch to document the work of the newly-formed Knesset. To meet the challenge, he started an expedited course in which he taught the tricks of the trade for 12-13 hours per day, five days a week. Fears that the course would fail due to the immense pressure proved false because, as he explained, \u201cthe work was too important.\u201d But even that experience couldn’t prepare him for the hardships that the stenographers would face at the Eichmann trial.<\/p>\n

Yaacov Maimon\u2019s archive, which is kept at the National Library, provides a peek at the preparations for the start of the trial. Two documents dated February 1961 (both signed by Superintendent Shapira) approve Maimon\u2019s request to borrow three books from the Israeli Police library: \u201cThe Final Solution,\u201d \u201cThe Case Against Adolph Eichmann,\u201d by Henry A. Zeiger, and \u201cThe Nuremberg Trials.\u201d In the second document the Superintendent permits Maimon \u201cto write notes and translations in the margins of the book\u2019s pages.\u201d These books (and probably others) were borrowed by Maimon for two purposes: to prepare a list of shorthand designations for approximately one hundred names and places, terms from Nazi Germany and the Holocaust era (such as various ranks in the SS and the German military) and other words in foreign languages which he anticipated being used during the trial. The second purpose was to help the stenographer team he was forming to study the dark period into which they were about to plunge \u2013 along with the millions who would follow the trial in Israel and around the world.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"
Receipts for the borrowed books (Hebrew)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Early that month several candidates were summoned for \u201ca day of tests for typists in the Hebrew language\u201d \u2013 with the feminine form being used, betraying the gendered perception of the profession at the time. The four stenographers chosen were Gentila Bardo, Mina Eisenberg, Miriam Yardeni and Osnat Degani \u2013 all Knesset stenographers. Also joining the team was Benzion Maimon, son of Yaacov Maimon. Later the team was supplemented by Rafi Rubinstein, Malka Glassberg and Zvi Maimon \u2013 Yaacov\u2019s brother \u2013 after some of the stenographers felt that the emotional toll of the trial was too heavy a burden, and asked to resume their more mundane duties at the Knesset alternately with the trial work.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Summons for the typists\u2019 exams by Shapira, detailing the hours in which the candidates would be tested to see if they suited the work they would have to do during the trial. Equipment and typewriters were provided on site.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"
Eichmann trial \u2013 summons for further training. Dated March 24th, 1961<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The four stenographers, along with Maimon\u2019s son, were summoned for training days in the month of March. During those four training days they practiced the strenuous working conditions expected in the hall where the trial would take place, memorized the shorthand notations which Maimon had prepared beforehand and coordinated their work procedures with the various interpreters. The training was held from nine in the morning to one in the afternoon, then resumed following a lengthy lunch break from three-thirty till six in the evening. The stenographers could expect to receive \u201cfull pay,\u201d for each day of work, specifies the letter sent by Shapira to Maimon. Although he couldn\u2019t know it at the this early stage of preparations, the many hearings of the Eichmann trial would come to equal and even surpass the long days of training.<\/p>\n

About two weeks before the beginning of the trial, Maimon received a letter from Mr. M. F. Birnbaum, editor of \u201cThe Transcript,\u201d the official publication of the Stenographers Association in New York City. Word of the upcoming trial had reached the distant shores of New York, (as they had almost everywhere else in the world) and aroused vast curiosity as to the technical aspects of the trial as well. Would Maimon \u2013 or anyone on his team \u2013 be interested in writing an article about the preparations for the trial?, Mr. Birnbaum inquired. Any information Maimon was willing to provide would be most welcome.<\/p>\n

\"\"
The letter that began the correspondence between the editor Birnbaum and Yaacov Maimon, dated March 30th, 1961<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The option of presenting one of the lesser-discussed aspects of such an exceptionally resonant trial must have been significant to Maimon, and three days after the trial began he sent a minutely detailed reply (seven pages long) to the editor. In his archive we find the draft Maimon composed after it had been proofread by a woman who remains anonymous (“Correct it a little and tomorrow I will collect the documentation from you,\u201d Maimon added in his own handwriting). This letter, along with another one sent later, formed the foundation of two articles which appeared in the stenographers\u2019 journal in June and October of that year.<\/p>\n

\"\"
The letter that began the correspondence between the editor Birnbaum and Yaacov Maimon, dated March 30th, 1961<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Fighting for Justice (for the stenographers crew)<\/h3>\n

Maimon\u2019s sincere concern for the team of stenographers which he headed led him into repeated clashes with the court and the police department \u2013 the entities overseeing the work of the stenographers at the trial. In response to \u201cerrors in the minutes, announced at hearing no. 16\u201d, Maimon sent a letter of clarification on April 28th to the lead judge on the panel, Supreme Court Justice Moshe Landau. At the start of the letter Maimon stressed that \u201ceach stenographer is but human, and may err.\u201d Any stenographer would find it difficult to produce a perfect transcript, but as in this trial \u201cwe are making a special effort to achieve perfection.\u201d Maimon and his colleagues expressed their thanks to the presiding judge for the \u201cgreat help\u201d he was giving them by \u201coccasionally instructing people speaking at the trial to speak clearly.\u201d After these words of praise Maimon turned to refute the claim regarding the stenographers\u2019 error. The word is Michaelovich, which had supposedly entered the minutes by error, did not do so due to a stenographer\u2019s mistake. \u201cProof of my assumption is to be found in the following facts: The French and German transcripts, which have no connection to the Hebrew transcript\u201d also feature this word, and therefore \u201cit is hard to assume that four people\u201d (the fourth being the interpreter) \u201csitting apart from one another, all made the same mistake and heard a name that was not spoken.\u201d Maimon ends his letter with an interesting comment regarding the confused and excited speech of more than a few of the witnesses and Holocaust survivors at the trial, writing that \u201cthe errors we ourselves make are enough, and we should not be tasked with the slips of tongue made by others. In any event, there is no basis to assume this was a stenographer\u2019s slip.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
“As for the errors in the minutes\u2026 if I may point out,\u201d Letter dated April 28th, 1961<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Further proof of Maimon\u2019s devotion to his employees and his full commitment to defending their dignity and their rights is to be found in two separate letters sent on the same day (May 15th) to Major-General Yekutiel Keren. In both Maimon harks back to a hearing held ten days prior. In the first letter Maimon justifies in writing for a demand he had until then made only verbally: \u201cto increase the pay of the stenographers to 40 Israeli Pounds for days on which two hearings are held.\u201d The main reason Maimon gives for this irregular demand stems from the irregularity of the Eichmann trial itself: In other trials \u201cit is customary to hold two hearings on the same day only very rarely.\u201d \u201cAnd yet here we are, five weeks into\u201d the Eichmann trial, \u201cand other than on Fridays, two hearings are held every single day.\u201d In other trials, he continued, the stenographers are from time to time afforded \u201clong breaks due to judges\u2019 consultations,\u201d whereas at the Eichmann trial \u201cbreaks for judges\u2019 consultations are brief, and usually held before or after the hearing itself.\u201d But it seems that what adversely affected the work of the stenographers the most, causing them to leave \u201ceach hearing exhausted not only that same day but into the next\u201d was the fact that following each hearing they were forced \u201cto scramble in search of foreign expressions and materials.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u201cI hereby offer in writing the justification of the demand to increase the stenographers\u2019 pay.\u201d Letter dated May 15th, 1961<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

“\u201cThe issue of continuing of canceling the stenographic transcript in Hebrew,\u201d was at the center of the second letter, in which Maimon states that \u201cI can no longer continue keeping the minutes under these conditions.\u201d At this point Maimon dwells at length on the supreme effort of the trial\u2019s stenographers team in comprehending expressions in foreign languages and in searching for documents \u201cwhich sometimes have no Hebrew translation and which the prosecutor,\u201d meaning Attorney General Gideon Hausner, \u201csometimes garbles expressions and names of people and places and numbers while spontaneously translating.\u201d Added to all these issues is the unfortunate fact \u201cthat the judges forget that officially they are not supposed to know German\u201d and they use it freely at times in a manner detrimental to the work of the stenographers. Despite all this, Maimon opposed canceling the transcription and switching to tape-recording because \u201cerrors in the material will be less frequent in the work of the stenographers, for in addition to mechanical work there is also mind work at play, and sections copied by voice recording and compared to the work of the stenographers have proven this.\u201d He ends this letter with a stern, yet respectful reprimand: \u201cYou may decide not to accede to my demands and to switch to another form of documentation, but you cannot leave the matter hanging and reply half-heartedly or not at all to the points I have raised.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u201cRe: The issue of continuing of canceling the stenographic transcript in Hebrew,\u201d dated May 15th, 1961<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Four days after these letters were sent, victory was announced. \u201cTo the honorable Mr. Maimon,\u201d wrote the Deputy Administrator of the trial, Commander Koppel, \u201cin response to your aforementioned letter we are pleased to inform you that although a work contract exists for all stenographers, and in fact this contract is binding upon both parties; but on the other hand, we must accept the truth of your claims, that the workload as we have experienced during days of this trial was unanticipated when these contracts were signed.\u201d Therefore, the daily wage of the stenographers was raised to thirty-five pounds per day \u2013 rather than the forty which Maimon demanded.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u201cSuch harassment may be another reason why one of the workers may wish to leave the job after a while, although there is no shortage of other difficulties and inconveniences.\u201d Letter dated April 5th, 1961<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The fight for a pay raise wasn\u2019t the only campaign waged by Maimon on behalf of his workers. In a letter dated April 5th he asked the security team to refrain from \u201cthe constant searches on the workers\u2019 persons,\u201d as most of them were \u201cstenographers who document meetings for the government, the IDF Chief of Staff, the Security and Foreign Relations committee and such. Places where security is just as paramount as at the trial.\u201d<\/p>\n

Throughout the trial, Maimon let everyone know the difficulties he and his team had to face. The professional work of Maimon and his team, despite all hardships, did not go unnoticed by the judges at the Eichmann trial. In a letter dated December 22nd, the presiding judge expressed his sincere appreciation \u201cto you and your assistants\u2026 for your excellent work in documenting the minutes of the trial and preparing them for print.\u201d Landau went on to wax poetically about Maimon\u2019s skills, stating that \u201cif not for your superb professional abilities and indefatigable dedication, this trial could not have been held as it has. I trust that you feel, as I do, that your labor has not been in vain.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
Letter of appreciation sent by Justice Moshe Landau to Yaacov Maimon, dated December 22nd, 1961<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"
Maimon\u2019s letter of thanks to the presiding judge and the panel of judges at the trial, dated January 4th, 1962<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

We know that this was not just empty praise, for when Eichmann appealed, Maimon was invited once again to run the stenography effort \u2013 an invitation which he accepted. Keeping faith with the professional team of stenographers he had assembled, he asked to extend the contract of three of the original team members and relieve them temporarily of their work at the Knesset.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u201cIt is needless to say how vital they are to this work,\u201d letter dated March 15th, 1962<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Added to the praise from the presiding judge and being chosen to keep the minutes at the appeal, was a letter from Superintendent Shapira sent on behalf of the entire Eichmann Trial Administration, in which Shapira expressed \u201cour full appreciation \u2013 for your help in recruiting the team of stenographers and typists to keep the official transcript in Hebrew and training them; for your profession, dedicated and efficient work in the ongoing management of the team, and in carrying out the more difficult portions of the transcript.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u201cUpon the conclusion of the trial and the appeal\u2026\u201d Appreciation letter from Superintendent Yitzchak Shapira to Yaacov Maimon, dated June 14th, 1962<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Despite the challenge and great interest Maimon found at the \u201ctrial of the century,\u201d he was glad to end his part in it upon the rejection of Eichmann\u2019s appeal. This was not so much because of the strenuous work, but because the Eichmann trial took away much of the time and energy he preferred to devote to what he saw as his life\u2019s mission: volunteering in the absorption of new immigrants to Israel and teaching them the Hebrew language.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Yaacov Maimon and a student from the Seligsberg school teaching new immigrants Hebrew. The photo, taken in the early 1950\u2019s, is from the book \u201cGoodbye Dear Lina: Yaacov Maimon \u2013 The Man and His Work\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The drama that had disappeared almost entirely from the official history of the Eichmann trial.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":8219,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[217,1768],"tags":[],"tags2":[],"class_list":["post-26501","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-land-of-israel","category-meragesh-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe Labor Dispute that Nearly Halted the Eichmann Trial<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The drama that had disappeared almost entirely from the official history of the Eichmann trial.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/eichmann_stenographers\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta 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