{"id":184414,"date":"2025-12-16T15:30:45","date_gmt":"2025-12-16T13:30:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/?p=184414"},"modified":"2026-01-06T14:49:56","modified_gmt":"2026-01-06T12:49:56","slug":"vasily_grossman","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/vasily_grossman\/","title":{"rendered":"From Treblinka to Stalingrad: The Many Truths of Vasily Grossman"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Grigory Friedman gave his first story to another Soviet-Jewish writer, Vasily Grossman, to read. Friedman, who wrote under the pen name Grigory Baklanov to avoid antisemitic criticism, attended Grossman\u2019s seminars for young writers. This was in 1947, when Friedman, then 24, lived in the same apartment building in Moscow where Grossman had an office.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baklanov never told his daughter, Alexandra Popoff, about any reaction Grossman might have had to his submission or about the men\u2019s conversations. But in an interview for this article, Popoff said that Grossman \u201cpraised one of [her father\u2019s] works,\u201d The Foothold<\/em>, a novel about World War II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As an editor, Baklanov in the late 1980s published several of Grossman\u2019s short stories, along with An Armenian Sketchbook<\/em>, an account of his travels in Armenia in 1961. In the book, Grossman related the Holocaust to the Turks\u2019 genocide, beginning in 1915, against Armenians.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grossman would know. As a journalist, he\u2019d visited the site of Treblinka, the Nazi extermination camp in Poland, in September 1944, shortly after Soviet forces arrived, by which time it was destroyed, ploughed over and abandoned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

His landmark article \u201cThe Treblinka Hell\u201d (also translated as \u201cThe Hell of Treblinka\u201d) includes vivid descriptions of crushed bones and scores of everyday items the Jewish and non-Jewish victims had owned and clothes they wore. Grossman and those with him continued walking over what he termed \u201cthe bottomless Treblinka earth\u201d when they halted in horror:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

It is the sight of a lock of hair gleaming like burnished copper, the soft lovely hair of a young girl trampled into the ground and next to it a lock of light blond hair, and farther on a thick dark braid gleaming against the light sand; and beyond that more and more. These are evidently the contents of one, but only one, of the sacks of hair the Germans had neglected to ship off.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then it is all true! The last wild hope that it might be a ghastly nightmare has gone.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"Popoff
Vasily Grossman and the Soviet Century<\/a><\/em>, by Alexandra Popoff, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016, the National Library of Israel collections<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Popoff, a native of Moscow who has lived in Canada for the past three decades, wrote a 2019 biography, Vasily Grossman and the Soviet Century<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grossman \u201cwas one of the most important 20th-century writers,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grossman, who died in 1964 at age 58, would have turned 120 years old on December 12.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Soviet-Jewish experience in World War II was a central theme for Grossman.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He and another Soviet-Jewish writer, Ilya Ehrenburg, collaborated on The Black Book of Soviet Jewry<\/a><\/em>, a report documenting what befell communities throughout the U.S.S.R. during the Holocaust.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Black
The Black Book of Soviet Jewry<\/a>,<\/em> [Russian] by Ilya Ehrenburg and Vasily Grossman, Moscow: ACT, 2016, the National Library of Israel collections<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Grossman\u2019s novel Life and Fat<\/em>e includes a deceased character, Anna Semyonova, the mother of Viktor Shtrum, the central character. Grossman\u2019s mother, Yekaterina Grossman, was murdered during a Holocaust-era massacre in the family\u2019s hometown of Berdichev in what now is Ukraine. It\u2019s the fate that befell the Anna character in the same town; she is based on Yekaterina, and Viktor is based on Grossman himself. Like Viktor, Grossman was guilt-ridden about not having saved his mother from the Nazis.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Black
From The Black Book of Soviet Jewry<\/a>,<\/em> [Russian] by Ilya Ehrenburg and Vasily Grossman, Moscow: ACT, 2016, , the National Library of Israel collections<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Life and Fate<\/em> is about an extended family in the Soviet Union, on both the civilian and military fronts, during World War II. Grossman\u2019s previous novel, Stalingrad<\/em>, deals with the same family\u2019s ordeal during that pivotal battle in the war. The two novels together constitute Grossman\u2019s epic telling of the war\u2019s effects on ordinary Soviets.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Stalingrad\"
Stalingrad<\/a><\/em>, by Vasily Grossman, Moskow: Verlag fur Fremdsprachige Literatur, 1946, the National Library of Israel collections<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Life and Fate<\/em> contains minimal Jewish content \u2014 nothing about Jewish holidays, traditions, philosophy, prayers, peoplehood or culture. But almost out of nowhere, about midway through the book, appears a three-page chapter on the nature of antisemitism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAnti-Semitism is always a means rather than an end; it is a measure of the contradictions yet to be resolved. It is a mirror for the failings of individuals, social structures and state systems,\u201d the narrator writes. \u201cTell me what you accuse the Jews of \u2014 and I\u2019ll tell you what you\u2019re guilty of.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Life
Life and Fate<\/a><\/em>, by Vasily Grossman, London: Collins Harvill, 1985, the National Library of Israel collections<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Douglas Murray, a British analyst of Israel\u2019s ongoing war with the Hamas terrorist organization, has brought renewed attention to Life and Fate<\/em>, which Grossman finished writing in 1960, by often quoting part of the above passage. Murray, who is not Jewish, has posited that much international condemnation of Israel\u2019s prosecution of the war comes from those countries projecting their own evils onto the Jewish state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The manuscript of Life and Fate<\/em> was confiscated by Soviet authorities, and the book went unpublished during Grossman\u2019s lifetime. But he had given copies of the manuscript to two friends, and Life and Fate <\/em>would be published abroad in 1980 and in the Soviet Union in 1988.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The novel ran afoul of the government for its criticisms of Stalin and Soviet totalitarianism (comparing it to Nazism), and its relating of Jews\u2019 uniquely being singled out by the Germans for liquidation (clashing with the Soviet Union\u2019s ethos of the equality of nationalities).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The book, including its parallel to the author and his mother, along with his 1943 essay \u201cUkraine Without Jews,\u201d about the Germans\u2019 mass shootings of Jews in that Soviet republic, drew Polly Zavadivker to study Grossman and write much of her graduate dissertation on him.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Image\"
From Vasily Grossman and the Soviet Century<\/a><\/em>, by Alexandra Popoff, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016, the National Library of Israel collections<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Now a professor of Jewish studies at the University of Delaware who includes Grossman in her classes on the Holocaust, Zavadivker called this \u201ca very exciting time in Grossman studies.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grossman \u201chasn\u2019t been read and appreciated [enough] outside academic circles,\u201d she said. \u201cI hope that will begin to change.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zavadivker is weighing undertaking various Grossman projects, such as a book, workshop or in-depth essay examining Grossman as \u201ca prophetic voice\u201d for living humanely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jonathan Brent, the executive director of the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research who has taught courses about Grossman, used similar language, calling Life and Fate<\/em> \u201ca very, very important book in a genre not very well understood in the United States \u2014 and when it is, it is somewhat derided \u2014 Soviet humanism,\u201d which he explained as interpreting the Holocaust as \u201c a human event, not a specifically Jewish event.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grossman was \u201cvery tortured\u201d by the pulls of his Jewish identity and striving \u201cto be a great Soviet writer,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brent believes that Grossman made \u201ca huge contribution\u201d to Jewish, not only Soviet, literature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHe carried forward Jewish memory. He didn\u2019t pretend it didn\u2019t exist, like so many Soviet-Jewish writers did,\u201d Brent said. \u201cHe didn\u2019t turn his back on Judaism. He was just tormented by it.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Writer-editor Hillel Kuttler can be reached at <\/em>hk@HillelTheScribeCommunications.com<\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

How a Soviet-Jewish reporter became one of the 20th century\u2019s most essential truth-tellers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":450,"featured_media":184418,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[216],"tags":[6281,649,1628,1733,309],"tags2":[6282,3067,2689,2806,2802,2640],"class_list":["post-184414","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-diaspora","tag-authors","tag-gesherleuropa","tag-russian-jewry","tag-soviet-jewry","tag-theholocaust"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFrom Treblinka to Stalingrad: The Many Truths of Vasily Grossman<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How a Soviet-Jewish reporter became one of the 20th century\u2019s most essential truth-tellers.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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