{"id":179795,"date":"2025-08-17T12:52:47","date_gmt":"2025-08-17T09:52:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/?p=179795"},"modified":"2025-08-17T14:14:44","modified_gmt":"2025-08-17T11:14:44","slug":"leo_frank","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/leo_frank\/","title":{"rendered":"Leo Frank, 1915: The Case America Still Reckons With"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

When Alfred Uhry was 10 years old and first allowed to ride Atlanta\u2019s city buses alone, he\u2019d go to libraries to read about a crime so notorious as to both seize his curiosity and hush his relatives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The crime was the lynching three decades earlier of Leo Frank, a Jewish man, on August 17, 1915. The incident occurred after Georgia\u2019s governor commuted Frank’s death sentence to life imprisonment following his conviction in the murder of Mary Phagan, a 13-year-old employee of the firm he managed, the National Pencil Company.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Jewish
From the November 7, 1913 edition of The Jewish Voice<\/em><\/a>, the Historical Jewish Press Collection at the National Library of Israel<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

The lynching of Frank happened in Phagan\u2019s hometown of Marietta, Georgia, about a 150-mile drive (241 km.) from the prison in Milledgeville from which he was abducted by the lynch mob. He was taken in a circuitous route and eventually hanged about 20 miles (32 km.) from the factory on Atlanta\u2019s South Forsyth Street where Phagan was found dead on April 27, 1913.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Frank's
Leo Frank’s trial, photo by Walter Frank Winn, published in The Atlanta Journal<\/em>, July 29, 1913<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Frank was convicted largely on the testimony of another employee, Jim Conley. Frank\u2019s attorney argued in court that Conley committed the murder and framed Frank. Nearly seven decades later, Alonzo Mann, who as a teenager worked at the pencil company, told reporters from Nashville\u2019s Tennessean<\/em> newspaper in 1982 that he witnessed Conley moving Phagan\u2019s limp body and that Conley warned him to remain silent about the matter. Mann stated his belief that Conley, not Frank, had killed the girl.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Image
A photo of Jim Conley, published in the August 1915 edition of Watson’s Magazine<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

The Frank trial and lynching was tinged with anti-Jewish and anti-northern fervor, often stirred up in southern newspapers at the time; Frank was raised and educated in New York. It also served to reinvigorate the racist group the Ku Klux Klan and led the Jewish fraternal group B\u2019nai B\u2019rith to form the Anti-Defamation League.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Leo
Leo Frank, photo: Bain News Service, publisher – Library of Congress<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

And it shook many Jews in Georgia, most of whose ancestors had settled there before the Civil War. Sue Tancill, Uhry\u2019s childhood friend \u2014 like him, she is 88 years old \u2014 said that her grandparents relocated from Atlanta to Birmingham, Alabama, during the trial out of fear, \u201cwhen all that antisemitism was going on.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFor a long time, no one would talk about it because it was such a horrible thing that went on. He was unjustly accused,\u201d said Tancill, who is related to Frank\u2019s widow, Lucille Selig Frank, an Atlanta native. Like two other relatives of Lucille Frank who were interviewed for this article, Tancill isn\u2019t sure what the family connection is.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Poem
A poem published several months before the lynching, in the February 12, 1915 edition of The Jewish Voice<\/em><\/a>, the Historical Jewish Press Collection at the National Library of Israel<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

\u201cNo one talked about it. I had to figure it out for myself,\u201d Uhry, in a phone interview from his apartment in Manhattan, said of his early interest in Frank. \u201cIt was explosive. I looked it up. It seemed very dramatic.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added: \u201cI thought I\u2019d write about it someday.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And that\u2019s what Uhry, who went on to an accomplished career as a playwright, did. He\u2019d earned a Pulitzer Prize, an Academy Award and two Tony Awards for penning the screenplays to both the stage version and film of Driving Miss Daisy<\/em>, the first in a trilogy about Uhry\u2019s roots in Atlanta in a Reform Jewish family. The last of the three plays was Parade<\/em>, a musical about the Frank case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parade<\/em> first was performed on Broadway in 1998. A new American production was mounted<\/a> earlier this year and will conclude at Washington, D.C.\u2019s Kennedy Center in September. A Jewish museum in Atlanta, The Breman, in July hosted a panel discussion on the Frank case.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Rally
A report in t<\/a>he May 14, 1915 edition of The Sentinel<\/em><\/a>, the Historical Jewish Press Collection at the National Library of Israel<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Several experts interviewed for this article stated, without prompting, that the Frank episode remains highly relevant today given the anti-Jewish hatred that\u2019s deepening in certain pockets of the United States.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThis is not entirely new. Antisemitism has always been here. Leo Frank is part of the long cycle of antisemitism,\u201d said Mark Bauman, an Atlanta-area historian of Jews of the southern United States who grew up in New York City.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As to Parade<\/em>\u2019s revival and The Breman\u2019s panel discussion, Bauman said, \u201cI don\u2019t think [Frank] ever left the consciousness very much.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The scandal touched non-Jewish Atlantans, too. One, Steve Oney, wrote perhaps the definitive book about the case, And the Dead Shall Rise: The Murder of Mary Phagan and the Lynching of Leo Frank<\/a><\/em>, published in 2003. He spent 15 years researching and writing the book, an outgrowth of his Esquire<\/em> article in 1985<\/a>. For the article, he met with Mann three months before Mann\u2019s death.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Book\"
And the Dead Shall Rise: The Murder of Mary Phagan and the Lynching of Leo Frank<\/a><\/em>, by Steve Oney, Pantheon Books, New York, 2003, the National Library of Israel collections<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Frank\u2019s conviction and lynching must be considered, Oney said, in the context of the circumstances and the times. \u201cIt was a very polarizing incident that pitted north versus south, Jew versus gentile, black versus white,\u201d said Oney, who now lives in Los Angeles. \u201cIt was extremely volatile. All the ingredients were there for misunderstanding and fear \u2014 a toxic mix of ingredients that went into the Leo Frank case.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Petition
A petition published in the May 28, 1915 edition of The Jewish Voice<\/em><\/a>, the Historical Jewish Press Collection at the National Library of Israel<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

In light of Mann\u2019s revelation, Frank\u2019s advocates applied for a posthumous pardon. Georgia\u2019s pardon and parole board ruled against it. The board would grant the second application, but without exonerating Frank of the crime. Its ruling affirmed that the board wasn\u2019t taking a position on Frank\u2019s guilt or innocence and stated that its pardon recognized that the state failed to protect Frank and didn\u2019t arrest those who killed him. It issued the pardon, it said, \u201cto heal old wounds.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oney sees parallels today. The American south in Frank\u2019s day was convulsed by the shift from agrarianism to industrialization. Today in the United States, \u201cthe Industrial Age has essentially ended and the Information Age is gripping us,\u201d he said. \u201cThere\u2019s a tremendous instinct to blame Jews at a moment of cultural inflection.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Writer-editor Hillel Kuttler can be reached at <\/em>hk@HillelTheScribeCommunications.com.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

More than a century after the lynching of a Jewish-American man in Georgia, rising antisemitism makes the tragedy\u2019s warning painfully clear.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":450,"featured_media":179799,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[216],"tags":[1737,304,1873],"tags2":[2784,2704,3067,2706],"class_list":["post-179795","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-diaspora","tag-american-jewry","tag-antisemitism","tag-jewish-communities"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLeo Frank, 1915: The Case America Still Reckons With<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"More than a century after the lynching of a Jewish-American man in Georgia, rising antisemitism makes the tragedy\u2019s warning painfully clear.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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