{"id":174986,"date":"2025-05-25T11:11:35","date_gmt":"2025-05-25T08:11:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/?p=174986"},"modified":"2025-05-25T11:50:13","modified_gmt":"2025-05-25T08:50:13","slug":"recalling_operation_solomon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/recalling_operation_solomon\/","title":{"rendered":"Recalling Operation Solomon: When 14,000 Jews Left Ethiopia for Israel"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Batel Malkam took her first airplane trip when she was eight years old. It was a four-hour flight and highly unpleasant, so crowded that she regularly was stepped on, and so no-frills that food wasn\u2019t served \u2026 and she didn\u2019t have a seat<\/em>. No one did. Malkam sat on the floor. So did her two sisters, two brothers, their parents \u2014 and everyone else aboard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Operation
Arrival in Israel. Operation Solomon, May, 1991. Photo<\/a> by Gadi Cavallo, the Dan Hadani Archive, the Pritzker Family National Photography Collection at the National Library of Israel<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Whatever the shortcomings in comfort, the plane safely brought the Degoo family to Israel. They were just seven of the more than 14,000 Ethiopian Jews who, in a two-day airlift in May 1991, were flown as immigrants from the African nation in a secret rescue organized by Israel and international Jewish organizations. It was nicknamed Operation Solomon and followed the airlift in late 1984 and early 1985 of 8,500 Ethiopian Jews to Israel known as Operation Joshua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"J
From the May 31, 1991, edition of J. Jewish News of Northern California<\/em><\/a>, the Historical Jewish Press Collection at the National Library of Israel<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

I spoke with Malkam as she sat in the living room of her apartment overlooking the Mediterranean Sea in the town of Nahariya on a Friday morning this spring, while her husband, Osher, cleaned the kitchen. She related what she remembered of the journey, switching periodically from Hebrew to Amharic to clarify points by phone with her mother, Tagav, and father, Tekala, who live in the nearby town of Kiryat Tivon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The big picture is that Operation Solomon \u201cwas a majestic and swift fulfillment of the Israeli mission to rescue endangered Jews\u201d and \u201cwas the the story of a people who wanted to go home [who] had longed for generations to return to Jerusalem, their homeland according to their tradition,\u201d said Stephen Spector, a professor of English at New York\u2019s Stonybrook University and author of the book Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews<\/a><\/em>.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

But this is the journey of one family.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Batel
Batel Malkam, top-right, with her mother and three of her siblings in Beit Shean, Israel, in 1993, shortly after they moved from Ethiopia (Courtesy of the family)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

The Degoo household came from Simien, a village in northern Ethiopia where most residents were Jewish and earned a living as shepherds or, like Tekala, farmers. \u201cSuch a view! Such mountains!\u201d Malkam said of the lush and rolling greenery she displayed on her phone\u2019s screen. She and her elder sister, Nanu, would be dispatched to draw water from a well and to gather wood for heating and cooking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The village homes were built by each family. The residences were round, made of dried cow dung and topped by straw. For Shabbat, Tekala and his father would dress in special white garb and attend the village\u2019s small synagogue for services.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Operation
Operation Solomon, May 1991. Photo<\/a> by Vered Peer, the Dan Hadani Archive, the Pritzker Family National Photography Collection at the National Library of Israel<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Their non-Jewish neighbors in Simien and the surrounding area lived cordially with the Jews, Malkam said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But an opportunity arose to move to Israel, and her parents seized it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was in the waning days of a 17-year civil war. Simien\u2019s Jews had met secretly, and one night they all \u2014 75 Jewish families \u2014 just left. They\u2019d been surreptitiously planning their departure for the better part of a year, even scouting roads to plot the best route out. The Degoo family carried whatever clothing they could manage and bread Tagav had baked in preparation for the journey. The parents took money. They\u2019d sold their cows and goats, their house and property, their utensils and personal possessions, to trusted neighbors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When Malkam mentioned that Tagav over the years had earned income as a potter, she took off a kitchen shelf a black coffee pitcher to display. It resembled those Tagav crafted, but it wasn\u2019t her original work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That\u2019s because, she said, \u201cWe came with nothing. Nothing.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe walked for five days to Gondar, and from Gondar two days by car to Addis Ababa,\u201d she said, mentioning two Ethiopian cities, including the capital. \u201cWe paid someone to drive us.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Operation
Operation Solomon, May, 1991. Photo<\/a> by Gadi Cavallo, the Dan Hadani Archive, the Pritzker Family National Photography Collection at the National Library of Israel<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Soldiers accompanied the Jews throughout the trek \u2014 in gratitude, she explained, for her father\u2019s previous military service. The soldiers kept them safe from potential robbers, \u201cand they also protected us from snakes,\u201d she said. At night, everyone slept outside. It was extremely hot and uncomfortable. To make the food last, they subsisted on small quantities of the bread, chickpeas and groats Tagav had packed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the two-day ride in cars and trucks, the drivers several times zig-zagged to avoid gunshots \u2014 not fired at the vehicles for transporting Jews or attempting to flee, Malkam said, but because that\u2019s what happens in war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The family reached Addis Ababa and stayed in a rented apartment for three months while awaiting a flight to Israel. On a Friday morning, they were instructed to go to the Israeli embassy but not given a reason. There, they were told they\u2019d be leaving that day for Israel.  They returned to the apartment, but the landlord had locked them out. They couldn\u2019t retrieve their clothing or food. Off to the airport the Deegos went.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Operation
Operation Solomon, May, 1991. Photo<\/a> by Gadi Cavallo, the Dan Hadani Archive, the Pritzker Family National Photography Collection at the National Library of Israel<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Malkam relayed my question about how her parents felt upon realizing that Israel was within grasp, just hours away.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThey couldn\u2019t believe it,\u201d she said, cupping the phone. \u201cThey always dreamt of Jerusalem.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Being in disbelief wasn\u2019t rhetorical. Even after landing and being taken to the town of Beit Shean, Tekala and Tagav weren\u2019t convinced they were in Israel until Tagav\u2019s brother, Ayeli Adgoitchu, who\u2019d been airlifted to Israel in 1985, came to visit them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat\u2019s the first time she realized she was in Israel,\u201d Malkam said of her mother. They cried.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Mass
A Bat Mitzvah ceremony for girls who arrived in Israel during Operation Solomon, held at Jerusalem’s Western Wall in September, 1993. Photo<\/a> by Zeev Ackerman, the Dan Hadani Archive, the Pritzker Family National Photography Collection at the National Library of Israel<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Tekala got a job farming for the Jewish National Fund, a nonprofit organization that manages many of Israel\u2019s national parks, forests and historical sites. He gardened in his free time, too, and his plantings still adorn the grounds of the couple\u2019s apartment building. Five years ago, Tekala, now 84, suffered a paralyzing stroke. Tagav, 77, takes care of him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s good for us here in Israel. We\u2019re happy we live here,\u201d Tagav said through her daughter\u2019s translation. \u201cWe live okay. We\u2019re not complaining like [typical] Israelis. We live within our means, so we\u2019re grateful.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Writer-editor Hillel Kuttler can be reached at <\/em>hk@HillelTheScribeCommunications.com<\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A secret airlift in May 1991 brought thousands of Ethiopian Jews to their new home in the Jewish state. This is one family\u2019s story.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":450,"featured_media":174987,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[212],"tags":[1232,1873],"tags2":[3067,2656,2706],"class_list":["post-174986","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-history-of-israel","tag-jewish-communities"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nRecalling Operation Solomon: When 14,000 Jews Left Ethiopia for Israel<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A secret airlift in May 1991 brought thousands of Ethiopian Jews to their new home in the Jewish state. 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Photo shows: families shortly after leaving the plane on their arrival at Eilat airport. 25\/05\/91 Copyright \u00a9 IPPA 20699-005-05 Photo Gadi Cavallo"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/recalling_operation_solomon\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Recalling Operation Solomon: When 14,000 Jews Left Ethiopia for Israel"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/","name":"The Librarians","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/#organization","name":"\u05d4\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd - \u05d1\u05dc\u05d5\u05d2 \u05d4\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea","url":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Logo.png","width":103,"height":64,"caption":"\u05d4\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd - \u05d1\u05dc\u05d5\u05d2 \u05d4\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/NationalLibraryIsrael","https:\/\/x.com\/NLIsrael","https:\/\/instagram.com\/nli_israel","http:\/\/pinterest.com\/nliisrael\/","http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/NLI2010\/featured"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/c435d36c0feb9b322e6bd803e68430ef","name":"Hillel Kuttler","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/01046d908370b0e6a1d19e6e27f9f4d6?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/01046d908370b0e6a1d19e6e27f9f4d6?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Hillel Kuttler"},"url":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/author\/hillelk\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/174986","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/450"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=174986"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/174986\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":179963,"href":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/174986\/revisions\/179963"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/174987"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=174986"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=174986"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=174986"},{"taxonomy":"tags2","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags2?post=174986"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}