{"id":173998,"date":"2025-05-08T10:24:00","date_gmt":"2025-05-08T07:24:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/?p=173998"},"modified":"2025-05-11T14:05:50","modified_gmt":"2025-05-11T11:05:50","slug":"the-eichmann-effect","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/the-eichmann-effect\/","title":{"rendered":"The Eichmann Effect"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

On May 23, 1960, Haya Hirsch burst into the Tel Aviv apartment of her upstairs neighbors and shouted, \u201cCan you believe that we caught him? Can you believe it?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A key Nazi official and an architect of the Final Solution, Adolf Eichmann, had just been captured in Argentina and brought to Israel to stand trial for his role in Germany\u2019s genocide against European Jewry during World War II. Hirsch had survived, but her husband and son were murdered. The Hirsches were from Hungary, where Eichmann personally arranged the deportation to Auschwitz and murder of nearly 600,000 Jews.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Djn\"
From The Detroit Jewish News<\/em><\/a>, the Historical Jewish Press Collection at the National Library of Israel<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

\u201cI felt her excitement, that catching Eichmann was indescribable. She cried in my parents\u2019 apartment. She didn\u2019t even knock on the door. She just entered,\u201d recalled Hanna Yablonka, who was 9 then and whose mother and father, natives of Czechoslovakia, had survived the Shoah (Holocaust). \u201cIt\u2019s impossible to forget.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Pacing2\"
Adolf Eichmann after being brought to Israel, from the Tuviah Friedman Archive<\/a> at the National Library of Israel<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Eichmann was responsible for arranging the arrests and deportations of millions of Jews to their deaths in concentration and extermination camps in Poland. On trial in mid-1961, he admitted his role but maintained that he was a powerless bureaucrat following orders. Eichmann was judged guilty on all 15 counts and executed in June 1962.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Team\"
David Ben-Gurion (center) with the members of the team responsible for capturing Eichmann and bringing him to trial in Israel, the Ben-Gurion House Archive, digitally available on the National Library of Israel website<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

May 11, 2025, marks 65 years since Israel\u2019s Mossad and Shin Bet security services captured Eichmann in Buenos Aires, where he lived under a pseudonym since 1950 after escaping from the Allies in the aftermath of the war. Nazi hunter Tuviah Friedman<\/a> supplied the Israeli authorities with the information that Eichmann was likely hiding in Argentina. Friedman’s archive<\/a> is in the National Library of Israel\u2019s collection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Professionally, Yablonka went on to research the period and write several books, including The State of Israel vs. Adolf Eichmann<\/a><\/em>. She now is a professor emeritus of Jewish history at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the chief historian at the Ghetto Fighters House Museum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Located in Israel\u2019s Upper Galilee region, the museum exhibits hundreds of items relating to the Shoah. At least two of them \u2014 one tiny, one large \u2014 relate to the Eichmann trial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One is a pair of a baby\u2019s shoes, found in Poland near the end of World War II by a Shoah survivor, Adolf Abraham Berman, who presented it as evidence during his own testimony. The shoes are among the artifacts displayed for this spring\u2019s 75th anniversary of the establishment of the museum\u2019s archives. Both the museum and the kibbutz where it is housed, Lohamei Hagettaot, were founded by Jews who survived the genocide, including those who battled the Nazis. It\u2019s thought to be the world\u2019s first museum of the Shoah.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other item is on permanent exhibit and is legendary as \u201cthe glass booth,\u201d the bulletproof enclosure where Eichmann and the two Israeli policemen guarding him sat during the trial\u2019s proceedings. The booth was donated to the museum by the police department in appreciation for the archives\u2019 providing of key documents to assist in building the prosecution\u2019s case against Eichmann.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Booth\"
Adolf Eichmann in the booth during his trial, from the Tuviah Friedman Archive<\/a> at the National Library of Israel<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nearly all of the principals \u2014 the agents who tracked down and seized Eichmann, the police officers, judges, lawyers, and executioners \u2014 have passed away, as have most people who attended the trial in Jerusalem\u2019s Beit Ha\u2019Am, a building that still stands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The case\u2019s impacts on Israeli society were immediate and enduring. To Yablonka, \u201cIt did something to the DNA of this country.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was \u201ca moment of grace\u201d for Israelis following the trial, who learned \u201cthe essence of the Shoah\u201d and what the Jews of Europe endured, said Yablonka, who also authored a book about Shoah survivors in Israel during the state\u2019s early years.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Hall\"
The Eichmann trial was held at Beit Ha’am (“the House of the People”) in Jerusalem, from the Tuviah Friedman Archive<\/a> at the National Library of Israel<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Israelis realized \u201cthat the one-quarter of the population who were Shoah survivors weren\u2019t just new immigrants, but that they must understand them in the context they brought,\u201d said Yablonka. Israelis\u2019 exposure to the facts of the Nazi occupation redefined heroism to include Jews\u2019 daily struggle to survive in Europe, she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThis was a very important development. Jews had victims\u2019 guilt: the \u2018exile Jew.\u2019 With Eichmann, it switched to the guilt of the murderer,\u201d Yablonka said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trial also prompted the education system to teach about the Shoah and to arrange trips by Israeli high school classes to relevant sites in Poland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On my recent visit to the museum to see the Eichmann-related items, an educator was speaking about the Shoah to a group of Israeli teens and adults. They were sitting opposite an electronic map of Europe, with hundreds of lights marking the locations of killing fields and camps \u2014 including local areas known as transit camps, where Jews were confined prior to being forcibly deported eastward by train.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Map\"
Eichmann during the trial, from the Tuviah Friedman Archive<\/a> at the National Library of Israel<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

When everyone left, Yaron Zur, the director of the museum\u2019s digital and development department, pointed to the map\u2019s array of lights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eichmann \u201clocates the Jews and deports them. To build a case against Eichmann is to show how the system worked,\u201d he explained. \u201cI cannot imagine the Holocaust without him.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eichmann had participated in a summit near Berlin in January 1942 of top Nazi officials. At the meeting, which became known as the Wannsee Conference, the officials changed from a policy of forcing Jews to emigrate and shooting those who remained, to mass deportations and the systematic mass-murder in gas chambers. <\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Camp\"
Photos of a scale model of the Treblinka extermination camp, used in the Eichmann trial. The model itself was built in 1959 and is held in the Ghetto Fighters House Museum. From the Tuviah Friedman Archive<\/a> at the National Library of Israel<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Eichmann \u201ccreated the shift,\u201d Zur said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gazing at the glass booth, as we\u2019d done upstairs moments earlier, \u201cimmediately puts me in a reflective [mood], a sense that as a human being, I have to ask important questions: How did Eichmann become Eichmann?\u201d Zur said. \u201cWe need to humanize Eichmann, the Nazis, the SS. If you turn these people into monsters, there\u2019s nothing to learn about them; they\u2019re just an enigma. That\u2019s something I\u2019m aware of,\u201d he added, echoing a point made famously by political scientist Hannah Arendt<\/a>, who covered the trial in Jerusalem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I considered the flip side of that perspective, something Zur had said when we sat next to the glass booth. In both conversations, Zur\u2019s point was that Eichmann and his colleagues were regular people and not alien creatures \u2014 and that people are susceptible to hatred and power lust.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Eichmann\"
Adolf Eichmann during his time in Israel, from the Tuviah Friedman Archive<\/a> at the National Library of Israel<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

\u201cYou\u2019d pass [Eichmann] on the street, and he looked like an ordinary guy,\u201d Zur had said. \u201cHe was an ordinary guy.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Editor-writer Hillel Kuttler can be reached at <\/em>hk@HillelTheScribeCommunications.com<\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sixty-five years ago, Israel tracked down and arrested Adolf Eichmann, an architect of the Final Solution. In many ways, the capture and subsequent trial marked a turning point in Israeli history. A look back at a seminal event.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":450,"featured_media":173999,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[217],"tags":[1765,1232,309],"tags2":[3067,2688,2656,2640],"class_list":["post-173998","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-land-of-israel","tag-israel-germany-en","tag-history-of-israel","tag-theholocaust"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe Eichmann Effect<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Sixty-five years ago, Israel tracked down and arrested Adolf Eichmann, an architect of the Final Solution. In many ways, the capture and subsequent trial marked a turning point in Israeli history. 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