{"id":156118,"date":"2024-07-02T10:33:25","date_gmt":"2024-07-02T07:33:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/?p=156118"},"modified":"2025-04-29T13:38:39","modified_gmt":"2025-04-29T10:38:39","slug":"farhud_beeri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/farhud_beeri\/","title":{"rendered":"When the Farhud Came to Be’eri: October 7 and the Legacy of an Iraqi Pogrom"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Every Shavuot eve, Yaakov Tzemach would tell his family and Kibbutz Be’eri members the story of the Farhud, the brutal pogrom carried out against the Jews of Iraq during the holiday in 1941. His family survived the massacre solely thanks to a neighbor, an older Muslim woman who physically blocked the way to their house and prevented the rioters from entering.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"The
The Farhud of Baghdad, 1941. From the Yad Ben Zvi Archive.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

\u201cWe made Aliyah from Iraq to Israel so that Arabs wouldn’t be able to enter Jewish homes and murder us,\u201d Tzemach explained to his kibbutz comrades and his family. After surviving the Farhud, he joined HeChalutz (“The Pioneer”), a Zionist youth movement, and made Aliyah to Israel to establish a home in Be’eri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over seventy years later, one of Yaakov\u2019s sons, Doron, told me in tears how he recalled this quote on October 7 as he was hiding for many hours in the safe room of his home in the kibbutz. Shachar Tzemach, Doron\u2019s son and Yaakov\u2019s grandson, was part of Be’eri’s civilian emergency defense squad that Saturday. He took part in a heroic and desperate defensive battle for many hours, before he was eventually killed.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\u05e9\u05d7\u05e8
Shachar Tzemach ob\u201dm. From a family album. \u201cThe picture which most reflects who he was,\u201d according to his father Doron.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

 ***<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Farhud was an antisemitic pogrom which took place in Iraq on the eve of the festival of Shavuot, 1941. Taking place over the course of a few days, rioters looted Jewish homes and shops, while Jews in a number of Iraqi cities were cruelly murdered. The descriptions of survivors are horrific [WARNING: GRAPHIC \u2013 Y.I.]. They told of babies whose hands and feet were cut off in order to remove golden jewelry that had been hidden on their bodies. They witnessed acts of rape and abductions of young women who were never seen again.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\u05e7\u05d1\u05e8
Monument to the mass grave of the Farhud\u2019s victims in Baghdad. From: Iraq<\/em><\/a>, Haim Saadon (ed) [Hebrew]. There was no inscription on the monument, whose unique form was that of a semi-cylinder.

<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

The riots sped up the process of Iraqi Jewry\u2019s departure and immigration to the Land of Israel with the aid of activists sent by the Zionist leadership based in the Holy Land. Professor Esther Meir-Glitzenstein, head of the Research Institute at the Babylonian Jewry Heritage Center, explains that during this period, the kibbutz movement played a central role in Zionist activity in the Diaspora. The movement believed that Iraqi Jewry could play a significant part in the Zionist settlement of the country. The idea was to prepare Jewish-Iraqi youths for immigration and to provide training in skills that would be required in establishing new pioneering communes. From 1942, hundreds of young Iraqi Jews headed to the Land of Israel, with some of them forming settlement groups or joining training farms, where they waited for approval to go and establish new communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the eve of Yom Kippur 1946, a settlement group of Jewish-Iraqi immigrants, who were known as the “Babylonian” group within the HeChalutz youth movement, realized their dream. Be’eri was originally established near Wadi Nahabir, a few miles west of the kibbutz’s location today, as one of 11 different settlement points that were set up that day, in a famous coordinated effort known as the “11 points plan”. Three settlement groups took part in the founding of Be’eri: one from the HaNoar HaOved movement, one from HaTzofim Bet, and “the Babylonians” \u2013 two groups of native-born Jews and one group of Jewish-Iraqi immigrants.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9
Members of the “Babylonian” settlement group being trained at Alonim in 1946, shortly before settling the lands in Nahabir. From a book<\/a> on Yoav Goral, native of Baghdad and co-founder of Be’eri, p. 16 [Hebrew] <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Shortly after breaking ground in Be’eri, some of the “Babylonians” were asked to return to Iraq on behalf of the Zionist movement. There, they worked as counselors in the youth groups, preparing additional young men and women to make Aliyah.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaakov Tzemach was one of these young Iraqi Jews trained by the “Babylonians”. He was a member of the HeChalutz youth movement in Baghdad and he and his friends worked together to support the pioneering efforts taking place in the Land of Israel which they had long dreamed of reaching:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u201cWe collected money, our allowances, so that they could build a club for the pioneers in Be’eri. We didn\u2019t go to the movies, drink juice, or take the bus to school for months. We collected the money and gave it to the movement to build a club in Nahabir. A kibbutz of veterans of the movement \u2013 an example and a model for us.\u201d<\/p>\nFrom From the Same Village \u2013 Kibbutz Members and Families Speak of Bereavement in Kibbutz Be’eri<\/em><\/a> [Hebrew] p. 18. <\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Later, after joining the IDF, Yaakov was part of the Israeli army’s Nahal agricultural settlement program, which sent a group to help strengthen Kibbutz Be’eri in the early 1950s.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4
Yaakov Tzemach ob\u201dm (right), survivor of the Farhud, Shachar Tzemach ob\u201dm (center) killed on October 7, with one of the family girls in his lap, and Doron Tzemach (left), member of Kibbutz Be’eri. From a family album.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

When you understand how the kibbutz was founded and the Jewish history woven through the story of this southern Israeli community, you discover the amazing secret of Be’eri \u2013 its diverse mixture of people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Iraqi immigrants, many of whom were well-educated, enriched the life of the kibbutz and contributed to the culture and knowledge of its young native-born Sabra members, some of whom barely graduated high school. Today, members of the kibbutz laugh as they recall how the educated immigrants contrasted with the Sabras, who were more concerned with the movement and the running of the kibbutz than the homework they were given at school.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The cooking in the dining hall was also influenced by the immigrants from Iraq: \u201ceven the gefilte fish was done in Mizrahi style,\u201d recalled the 80-year-old Avraham Dvori (Manchar), who was born to an Iraqi family and who came to the kibbutz at age eight, where his older brother was already set up. Manchar was a member of Be’eri\u2019s first school class, the \u201cEshel\u201d group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He stayed on the kibbutz his whole life, and his five children and 15 grandchildren also live there. He tells of how the Iraqi family that adopted him in the kibbutz only spoke Hebrew. \u201cI entirely forgot the Arabic I knew from home,\u201d he recalled. Manchar, who recently returned to Be’eri along with some 100 veterans and young kibbutz members, told us of the significance of Be’eri for him: \u201cWe have members from over 30 countries of origin. Everyone is mixed with everyone, this is the Land of Israel for me. This is what gives the kibbutz a sense of warmth.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\u05d1\u05d1\u05d2\u05d3\u05d3\"
HeChalutz counselors in Baghdad, 1950. From a book<\/a> on Yoav Goral, native of Baghdad and co-founder of Be’eri, p. 13 [Hebrew]<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

The close ties between Kibbutz Be’eri and Iraqi Jewry were further cemented in 2002. Manchar was then the head of the Eshkol Regional Council, which includes Be’eri. Two years previously, during a routine tour for guests visiting the region, Mordechai Bibi, a former member of the Knesset and one of the leaders of the Babylonian immigrants’ organization, turned to Manchar and gave him a crumbling letter from 1945:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u201cI hereby confirm that members of the HeChalutz movement in Babylon collected donations amounting to 3,500 dinars for the planting of a forest in memory of the murdered of the Farhud.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

On the envelope, Yosef Weitz, Chairman of the Jewish National Fund during the pre-state era, wrote that a kibbutz was about to be established on the lands of Nahabir and that it would include a group of Iraqi members of the HeChalutz movement. There, he decided, a forest would be planted in memory of the victims of the Farhud.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchar picked up the gauntlet and made sure the plan was finally implemented \u2013 many decades after Weitz’s decision was taken. The monument which was established is modest, its shape resembling that of the monument set up by the Jewish community in Baghdad to mark the location of a mass grave for victims of the Farhud in the city’s Jewish cemetery. The Baghdad monument was later destroyed by the Iraqi government. The monument in Be’eri, by contrast, lies next to the Be’eri forest. A playground, a water fountain, bathrooms, and shaded places to sit can be found next to it, enabling visitors to come and enjoy the scenery in the beautiful spring months. On October 7, the forest near the monument was used by Hamas terrorists as a staging area before moving to attack Be’eri and other nearby communities.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\u05d4\u05d0\u05e0\u05d3\u05e8\u05d8\u05d4\"
Monument at Be’eri Forest in memory of the Farhud pogrom, 2024. Photo: Yisrael Neta<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

\u201cWe were taught that the civilian settlement determines the boundaries of the State of Israel,\u201d Manchar said, \u201cand it was therefore clear to me that I\u2019d be returning here. Everyone should do what they can, when they can. It\u2019s clear to me that no-one else will rebuild the kibbutz if we\u2019re not there.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cWe made Aliyah from Iraq to Israel so that Arabs wouldn’t be able to enter Jewish homes and murder us,\u201d said Kibbutz Be’eri members who survived the pogrom known as the Farhud. In Be’eri, founded in part by Iraqi immigrants, there is a monument to the victims of the Farhud, suffered by the Jews of Iraq over 80 years ago. They couldn\u2019t know that years later, their children and grandchildren would face a similar horror \u2013 but this time, in the Jewish state.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":376,"featured_media":156123,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[217],"tags":[2172,3809,2173,5232,1533,1469],"tags2":[3067,2684,3810,2691,5231,2659],"class_list":["post-156118","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-land-of-israel","tag-gaza-border-region","tag-iraqi-jewry","tag-life-on-the-border","tag-october-7","tag-zionism","tag-israeli-history"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhen the Farhud Came to Be'eri: October 7 and the Legacy of an Iraqi Pogrom<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u201cWe made Aliyah from Iraq to Israel so that Arabs wouldn't be able to enter Jewish homes and murder us,\u201d said Kibbutz Be'eri members who survived the pogrom known as the Farhud. 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