{"id":151881,"date":"2024-04-30T20:08:14","date_gmt":"2024-04-30T17:08:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/?p=151881"},"modified":"2024-04-30T20:08:21","modified_gmt":"2024-04-30T17:08:21","slug":"gurs_haggadah","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/gurs_haggadah\/","title":{"rendered":"How the Inmates of a Concentration Camp Celebrated the Festival of Freedom"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

1941 was a difficult year for the Jewish People. This was the year in which the persecution and discrimination which was their lot since Hitler rose to power formed into the \u201cfinal solution\u201d for erasing the Jewish People and its memory entirely \u2013 in Nazi-occupied Europe and the whole world. This was also the year in which the first death camp was established on Polish soil, in the city of Chelmno.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In that same cursed year, on a different war front, prisoners of the Gurs concentration camp in southern France gathered to celebrate the Jewish festival of freedom \u2013 Passover. When evening came, the men \u2013 husbands, brothers, and sons \u2013 arrived in the women\u2019s barracks. There, with empty hands and full hearts, they held a Seder. \u201cAnd soon the old and pleasant tune of this night echoed: \u201cHa Lachma Anya\u201d [Poor Man\u2019s Bread]. There was no meat and wine for the holiday meal, but thanks to the initiative of one of the prisoners, these persecuted Jews had a Haggadah with which to celebrate.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
First page of the Gurs camp Haggadah<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Aryeh Ludwig Zuckerman had been imprisoned at Gurs for over a year. At this camp near the Spanish border, some thirty people died from hunger and disease every day. In the face of the suffering and the despair of the twelve thousand Jews imprisoned at Gurs, Zuckerman decided to take action that Passover.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zuckerman was every inch an educator, and was known as one of the most energetic figures in the camp. He organized Torah and shop classes, as well as cultural activities that included plays and concerts performed by denizens of the camp. Zuckerman was also one of the managers of the camp clinic and its Chevra Kadisha burial society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He wanted all the prisoners in the camp to have something for the approaching holiday of Passover. Since they had no way of securing food, he took responsibility for matters of the spirit and worked on writing the Haggadah in Hebrew letters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Indeed, he wrote the Haggadah<\/a> in his own handwriting and from memory (as can be seen from a number of errors he made). His daughter recalled how he engraved the whole Haggadah in Hebrew letters, aside from the songs at the end of the Haggadah, which were engraved in Latin letters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Rabbi Leo Ansbacher, a fellow prisoner who helped Zuckerman put out the Haggadah, Zuckerman wasn’t able to write it all down. As Passover approached, he rushed to send it to Rabbi Shmuel Ren\u00e9 Kappel. The Rabbi, a chaplain of the French Army Corps, took Zuckerman\u2019s papers to Toulouse and had it printed in thousands of copies.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Rabbi Leo Ansbacher, Gurs Camp, 1941-2,
Yad Vashem, Photographic Archive b 926\/5<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

In an anonymous testimony written after Passover of 1941, one of the prisoners remembered the enormous difficulty of celebrating the Festival of Freedom in conditions of terrible uncertainty. The anonymous witness told of how the \u201cfeast\u201d of this seder was poorer than anyone had ever seen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u201cMany received, in addition to the matzah, a little salad instead of maror, charoset, and an egg. Only some of the people got to eat a meal, albeit in tiny portions. There were those who were fortunate and received food packages, and then shared the food fairly among all those seated.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

But what they lacked in the material, they made up for in spirit. The thousands of prisoners in the camp insisted on adhering to tradition even in the face of the death that was all around them. Thanks to them and the work of Zuckerman, Ansbacher, and their partners, the spirit of the holiday was maintained, and there was even a sense of hope:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u201cA refreshing April night and moist spring wind descended on the dark lanes between the shacks. From within the shacks, lights burst forth and voices were heard saying the blessing after the meal and singing. The song of the words sung and heard innumerable times, was the song of the uplifting of the spirit, of consolation and hope.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
The song Chad Gadya in Latin letters, the Gurs Haggadah<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

The next morning, Rabbi Ansbacher received irregular permission to conduct the Passover holiday prayers in the camp yard. The Rabbi held the prayer in the open air and also gave a sermon with words of consolation to the camp prisoners during the Yizkor prayers for the dead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The painter Fritz Schleicher was there to immortalize the event (below). He himself was murdered in Auschwitz on October 5, 1942.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On May 1942, Zuckerman understood that the Jews were being deported east to Poland. He and Rabbi Ansbacher, together with the Jewish leadership in the camp, worked to smuggle the camp\u2019s Jews out before they could be sent to the death camps there.  Thanks to his friendship with the man in charge of burial for non-Jews in the camp, a friendship he\u2019d formed as part of his work in the Chevra Kadisha, Zuckerman was smuggled out of the camp together with his family inside of a coffin. After making it out, he took care to find a hiding place for them in the forests in the south of Belgium. After doing so, he joined the Belgian underground to fight the Germans. He died in Belgium in 1958.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rabbi Ansbacher was seized earlier and imprisoned. He was on the list of those to be deported, but managed somehow to escape and find shelter in Spain \u2013 where he survived.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Passover Haggadah of the Gurs camp is one of two Haggadahs written in southern France during the Holocaust in the period of the Vichy regime. In 1999, Yad Vashem republished it to retell the story to new generations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On May 1942, Zuckerman understood that the Jews were being deported east to Poland. He and Rabbi Ansbacher, together with the Jewish leadership in the camp, worked to smuggle the camp\u2019s Jews out before they could be sent to the death camps there.  Thanks to his friendship with the man in charge of burial for non-Jews in the camp, a friendship he\u2019d formed as part of his work in the Chevra Kadisha, Zuckerman was smuggled out of the camp together with his family inside of a coffin. After making it out, he took care to find a hiding place for them in the forests in the south of Belgium. After doing so, he joined the Belgian underground to fight the Germans. He died in Belgium in 1958.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rabbi Ansbacher was seized earlier and imprisoned. He was on the list of those to be deported, but managed somehow to escape and find shelter in Spain \u2013 where he survived.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Passover Haggadah of the Gurs camp is one of two Haggadahs written in southern France during the Holocaust in the period of the Vichy regime. In 1999, Yad Vashem republished it to retell the story to new generations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Further Reading<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Gurs Haggadah: Passover in Perdition<\/a><\/u><\/em>, edited by Bella Gutterman and Naomi Morgenstern, translated from the Hebrew by Nechama Kanner, editing by Yaacov Peterseil. Jerusalem: Devora Pub, Yad Vashem<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Despite the lack of food, the threat of deportation, and the difficult prison conditions, Jewish prisoners at the Gurs concentration camp in southern France insisted on celebrating Passover at any price. 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