{"id":149070,"date":"2024-02-19T14:48:34","date_gmt":"2024-02-19T12:48:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/?p=149070"},"modified":"2024-06-24T11:26:35","modified_gmt":"2024-06-24T08:26:35","slug":"gaza_final_days","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/gaza_final_days\/","title":{"rendered":"The Final Days of the Jewish Community in Gaza"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The third decade of the 20th<\/sup> century was the last decade of existence for the old Jewish community of Gaza. <\/ins><\/p>\n\n\n\n

By this point the community had dwindled down to only a handful of people, but in the past, it had included prominent figures such as Nathan of Gaza, a well-known follower of Sabbatai Zevi, and Rabbi Israel Najara, author of the liturgical poem Ya Ribon Olam,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a letter from 1926, discovered in the archive of Moshe David Gaon, a scholar of Eastern Jewry and author of the monumental work Yehudei HaMizrach Be’Eretz Yisrael<\/em><\/a> <\/em>(“Jews of the East in the Land of Israel”), which is kept at the National Library, Mr. Dromi, secretary of the Hebrew community council in Gaza, provided Gaon with details on the state of the community. Dromi noted that it had its own elected council, and numbered 51 people, Ashkenazim and Sephardim alike, in contrast to the period before the war, when there were close to a hundred Jews in Gaza.<\/p>\n\n\n

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From the Moshe David Gaon Archive,<\/a> which is in the process of being cataloged and is made accessible thanks to the kind donation of the Samis Foundation, Seattle, Washington<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

During the 1929 riots, the Jews of Gaza were forced to flee the city, and that was the official end of the community, but does that mean that there was no longer a Jewish presence in Gaza? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Gaza community has seen ups and downs over the years, and during the first half of the 19th<\/sup> century it ceased to exist, apparently due to the invasion of Muhammad Ali, the de facto ruler of Egypt at the time. During the second half of the 19th<\/sup><\/a> century, the city’s Jewish community was renewed at the initiative of Klonymus Ze’ev Wissotzky, founder of the Wissotzky Tea Company, and Hacham Nissim Elkayam, a Torah scholar and merchant born in Morocco. The Jews of the city were mainly Sephardim who were familiar with the Arabic language and culture.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Mazal (daughter of Shlomo Shimol) and her husband Nissim Elkayam, of Gaza. Nadav Mann, Bitmuna. From the collection of Gera postcards. Source of the collection: Dr. Shulamit Gera. The Pritzker Family National Photography Collection, National Library of Israel<\/a><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

They came from various places, mainly from Jaffa, but also from Aleppo, Hebron and even from Europe. The majority of them worked in trade, especially of barley and colocynth, a bitter fruit with medicinal properties that grows around Gaza and is also known as “vine of Sodom” or “wild gourd”. Due to their extensive trade relations with the local Bedouin tribes, some of the city’s Jews lived for several months of the year near the tribes, outside the city, and even adopted some of their habits. For example, Jewish men used to ride horses and wear a sash with a dagger and a gun. The Jews of Gaza were also involved in banking, and a branch of the Anglo-Palestine Bank opened in the city. In his memoir, the bank\u2019s manager, Abraham Elmaliah, describes how the bank’s management traveled by train from Jaffa to Gaza to be there on the day it opened, and along the way they were greeted with songs and blessings by farmers from the Jewish colonies (moshavot<\/em>) as well as the Jews of Gaza themselves. The bank was highly respected in the city, its manager Elmaliah was always accompanied by two Kavass guards<\/a>, a symbol of honored status.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Due to its isolation from other communities, the Gaza community was generally a cohesive and unified collective. Former community members recalled different families celebrating Sukkot and Passover together. Typically, several Jewish families would share a single living compound, with each compound having a dedicated room intended to accommodate Jews who were spending the night in the city, on their way from Cairo to the Land of Israel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Moshe David Gaon Archive includes evidence of the solidarity felt among members of the community. Among other things, the archive includes letters from the heads of the community to the Chief Sephardic Rabbi, Rabbi Moshe Franco, the Rishon LeZion, with requests to support the members of the community in preparation for the Passover holiday.<\/p>\n\n\n

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A letter from the Jewish community in Gaza to Chief Rabbi Franco, 1912. From the Moshe David Gaon Archive<\/a>, which is in the process of being cataloged thanks to the kind donation of the Samis Foundation, Seattle, Washington<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Jewish religious life was also quite developed in the city. There was a rabbi who also served as a teacher, kosher slaughterhouses, a ritual bath, and a Jewish cemetery. Although it wasn\u2019t a large community, it had three synagogues, one for each extended family. At the initiative of one of the dignitaries of the community, Nissim Elkayam, who was influenced by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, a Hebrew school was established in Gaza at the beginning of the 20th<\/sup> century. Two teachers sent from Jerusalem taught there. Rabbi Nissim Ohana served as the rabbi of the community for part of the time. He later served as a rabbi in New York, Egypt, Malta and Haifa. During his stay in Gaza, Rabbi Ohana wrote a book, in collaboration with the Mufti (Muslim Leader) of Gaza, Sheikh Abdullah al-Alami, entitled Know What You Will Answer Epicurus: Clear Answers from the Bible Itself<\/em><\/a>.<\/em> The purpose of the book was to provide Jews and Muslims with replies that could be used to counter the efforts of Christian missionaries, who ran a hospital in the city at the time.<\/p>\n\n\n

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People crossing a bridge over a canal on their way to their clay houses, Gaza. This photograph is part of the Archive Network Israel project and is made available as part of a collaboration between the Yad Yitzhak Ben- Zvi <\/ins>Institute, the Israeli <\/ins>Ministry of Jerusalem and Heritage and the National Library of Israel.<\/a><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

World War I was a severe setback for the Jewish community of Gaza. Most of the city’s Jews had foreign citizenship and were therefore expelled from the country by the Ottoman government. While a number of families had local citizenship and could remain in the city, they were required to enlist in the Ottoman army or, alternatively, pay a high ransom. As a result, the Jewish community effectively ceased to exist for several years, until after the war. Once the fighting was over and the land had been conquered by the British Army (which established a military cemetery in the city with several Jewish graves<\/a>), the Jews slowly began to return to Gaza, but the Arab nationalist awakening damaged the close neighborly relations that had existed in the past between Jews and Arabs. Among other things, many Arabs refused to rent houses to Jews, and since part of Gaza was destroyed during the war, Jews had difficulty finding homes in the city. The Jewish community also suffered a lack of support from the national institutions, which no longer saw any value in Jews living in the heart of Arab cities, preferring instead to focus on developing new agricultural communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In late Summer of 1929, things reached a boiling point. As part of the Arab riots that were now raging throughout the country, there was an attempt to attack members of the Jewish community in Gaza as well. According to press reports at the time, local Jews barricaded themselves in the Jewish hotel near the police building. An Arab mob that attacked them had to retreat after one of the Jews fired a gun and others poured sulfuric acid on one of the Arab intruders (see, for example, an article in Haaretz<\/em><\/a> dated September 1, 1929 and the recollections of Gaza resident Sara Yaffe as quoted in Ma’ariv<\/em><\/a> <\/em>dated December 9, 1956). With the help of some distinguished Arabs locals who were on friendly terms with the community, along with the British police, the Jews managed to board trucks that took them to the Gaza train station, where they had to wait for the train from Alexandria to Lod, all while the angry mob was still trying to get at them. This was the end of the Jewish community in Gaza. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the community in Gaza ceased to exist after the 1929 riots, there were many Jews for whom Gaza was never forgotten. Jewish tourist groups, including some led by geographer Joseph Braslavi, and the “Association of Wanderers in the Land of Israel”, continued to visit the city. In 1934, the Association, of which Moshe David Gaon was a member, published an ad for a trip to the southern part of the country to include Beer Sheva, Ashkelon, and Gaza. Participants were asked to bring food for a day and a half, a jug of water, a Bible, and a map of the area. Among other things, the trip included a visit to the ancient mosque of Gaza, which had a pillar inside with a seven-branched menorah engraved on it.<\/p>\n\n\n

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From the Moshe David Gaon Archive,<\/a> which is in the process of being cataloged and is made accessible thanks to the kind donation of the Samis Foundation, Seattle, Washington<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Documents found in the archives of the entrepreneur Shmuel Zvi Holtzman, which is also kept at the National Library, show that even after the dissolution of the community in Gaza, Jews still lived in the city and dreamed of re-establishing their community. In a letter from 1933, a Jewish agronomist and resident of Gaza named Eliyahu Kapsuto, who was appointed by the Gaza municipality to oversee vegetation in the city, appealed to Holtzman asking him to send grass seeds.<\/p>\n\n\n

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From the Archive of Shmuel Zvi Holtzman<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Holtzman himself had planned to renew Jewish settlement in Gaza. In a draft memorandum that was found in his personal archives, there\u2019s a detailed plan to establish a stock-holding company, “The Land of Israel Company for Planting and Building, Ltd.”, whose purpose was to establish a Jewish farming colony (moshava<\/em>) near Gaza. The plan was never realized, and we don\u2019t have any further details about it. It is possible that Holtzman abandoned his plan so that he could focus on establishing the Gush Etzion cluster of settlements, which he founded at that time.<\/p>\n\n\n

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From the Archive of Shmuel Zvi Holtzman<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Moshe David Gaon Archive<\/a> is in the process of being cataloged and is made accessible at the National Library of Israel, thanks to the kind donation of the Samis Foundation, Seattle, Washington, dedicated to the memory of Samuel Israel. Arik Kitsis is the archivist in charge of handling the Moshe David Gaon archive.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Documents recently discovered in the Archives Department of the National Library of Israel shed new light on the forgotten Hebrew community of Gaza, as well as the Jews who lived in and visited the city even after the community no longer officially existed<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":439,"featured_media":148102,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[217],"tags":[2172,1232,1873,238,1968,3068,1749],"tags2":[3067,2706],"class_list":["post-149070","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-land-of-israel","tag-gaza-border-region","tag-history-of-israel","tag-jewish-communities","tag-land-of-israel","tag-old-yishuv","tag-3068","tag-jewish_manuscripts_secrets-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe Final Days of the Jewish Community in Gaza<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Documents recently discovered in the Archives Department of 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