{"id":14103,"date":"2017-11-26T14:09:58","date_gmt":"2017-11-26T12:09:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/?p=14103"},"modified":"2019-09-12T17:05:20","modified_gmt":"2019-09-12T14:05:20","slug":"aerial_photography","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/aerial_photography\/","title":{"rendered":"The 304th Bavarian Squadron Documents the Land of Israel at the End of the First World War"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is common for the most brutal and bloodstained wars to serve as catalysts of technological progress; the First World War was no exception: the development of modern-day bombs, the first military use of tanks (still only as means of transport, not as weapons), the first military flamethrower, and more. No place was left unchanged: the shells scarred the battlefields, the trenches changed the lay of the land and the majority of the ancient empires which fought in it collapsed during or after it, never to rally again.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Land of Israel was not the most deadly battle front, but here too the War completely changed life, and brought some of the European technological developments with it. An example of one such development can be found in an unexpected place: a book name &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/primo.nli.org.il\/primo_library\/libweb\/action\/dlDisplay.do?vid=NLI&amp;docId=NNL_ALEPH001754157\">One Hundred Aerial Photographs of Palestine<\/a>&#8220;, published by the German theologian Gustaf Dalman.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11846\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11846\" style=\"width: 358px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11846 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/\u05dc\u05d3\u05de\u05df-358x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"358\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/\u05dc\u05d3\u05de\u05df-358x600.jpg 358w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/\u05dc\u05d3\u05de\u05df-179x300.jpg 179w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/\u05dc\u05d3\u05de\u05df-60x101.jpg 60w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/\u05dc\u05d3\u05de\u05df.jpg 508w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 358px) 100vw, 358px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11846\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gustaf Dalman in German Army uniform<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><u>Aerial Photographs in the Service of Christian Theology<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dalman&#8217;s tremendous interest in the Land of the Bible and everything connected to it led him to many diverse fields of research: during his long life the German theologian researched Jewish history, archeology of the Biblical period and the language of residents of the Land and their neighbors. Dalman did not only delve into the Bible and the New Testament, but was also fluent in Jewish literature from the Second Temple period onward. In 1902, the theologian was one of the founders of the &#8220;German Evangelical Institute for Research of Ruins in the Holy Land in Jerusalem&#8221; \u2013 an institute he headed until 1917, and which still exists today.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dalman was not only interested in the culture of the Biblical period, but he also researched the landscapes, animals and plants of the Land. He wholeheartedly believed that only the most encompassing understanding possible of the nature and people who live in the Holy Land will enable theologians to correctly understand and interpret the holy works God bestowed upon his creations. Therefore, Dalman wrote about and documented the Land of Israel in thousands of pictures and words.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In 1925, Dalman collected a hundred aerial photographs in his book, taken by Squadron 304, the Bavarian Squadron of the German army. All the collected photographs were photographed between 1917-1918, in other words, toward the end of the First World War \u2013 some after the British conquered the Land of Israel. These seem to be the first aerial photographs of the Land of Israel, or at least \u2013 among the first ever taken in Israel.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11847\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11847\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/1-3.jpg\" data-fontsize=\"16\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11847\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/1-3-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"310\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/1-3-1.jpg 1479w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/1-3-1-300x186.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/1-3-1-768x476.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/1-3-1-970x600.jpg 970w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/1-3-1-60x37.jpg 60w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11847\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial photograph of Jerusalem from the south-east<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11853\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11853\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/22810149_10210307022783177_1522221534_o.jpg\" data-fontsize=\"16\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11853\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/22810149_10210307022783177_1522221534_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/22810149_10210307022783177_1522221534_o.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/22810149_10210307022783177_1522221534_o-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/22810149_10210307022783177_1522221534_o-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/22810149_10210307022783177_1522221534_o-800x600.jpg 800w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/22810149_10210307022783177_1522221534_o-60x45.jpg 60w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11853\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">This photograph presents a slide placed on the ancient map to show what can be learned from the air about places from the time of the Bible<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11848\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11848\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11848\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/\u05dc\u05d7\u05dd-\u05d4\u05d3\u05e8\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/\u05dc\u05d7\u05dd-\u05d4\u05d3\u05e8\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea.jpg 1231w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/\u05dc\u05d7\u05dd-\u05d4\u05d3\u05e8\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea-300x219.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/\u05dc\u05d7\u05dd-\u05d4\u05d3\u05e8\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea-768x561.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/\u05dc\u05d7\u05dd-\u05d4\u05d3\u05e8\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea-821x600.jpg 821w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/\u05dc\u05d7\u05dd-\u05d4\u05d3\u05e8\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea-60x44.jpg 60w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11848\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bethlehem from the South<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11859\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11859\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/\u05e6\u05e4\u05ea-\u05de\u05de\u05d1\u05d8-\u05d4\u05e6\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8.jpg\" data-fontsize=\"16\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11859\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/\u05de\u05de\u05d1\u05d8-\u05d4\u05e6\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/\u05de\u05de\u05d1\u05d8-\u05d4\u05e6\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8.jpg 715w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/\u05de\u05de\u05d1\u05d8-\u05d4\u05e6\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/\u05de\u05de\u05d1\u05d8-\u05d4\u05e6\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8-60x45.jpg 60w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11859\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bird&#8217;s eye view of Safed<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Even when he acted as a preserver and editor \u2013 work which was fully expressed in the book he published in 1925, the fingerprint of the researcher of the land of the Bible is clearly visible in the book. Dalman used the hundred photographs which appear in the book as a mirror into the past, and ponders what the landscapes teach us about the world of Jesus and the prophets. This fact leads Dalman to interesting editing choices: as Professor Binyamin Zev Kedar notes in his book &#8216;Looking Twice at the Land of Israel&#8217;, &#8220;Dalman, who researched the Land of Israel\u2026did not feel the need to bring photographs of the new Jewish settlements.&#8221;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11854\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11854\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/22766406_10210306991022383_493443790_o.jpg\" data-fontsize=\"16\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11854\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/22766406_10210306991022383_493443790_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/22766406_10210306991022383_493443790_o.jpg 1440w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/22766406_10210306991022383_493443790_o-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/22766406_10210306991022383_493443790_o-768x572.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/22766406_10210306991022383_493443790_o-806x600.jpg 806w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/22766406_10210306991022383_493443790_o-60x45.jpg 60w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11854\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Haifa and the Carmel, but not Tel Aviv and other new settlements<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11855\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11855\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/22766416_10210306993342441_1310727430_o.jpg\" data-fontsize=\"16\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11855\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/22766416_10210306993342441_1310727430_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/22766416_10210306993342441_1310727430_o.jpg 1440w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/22766416_10210306993342441_1310727430_o-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/22766416_10210306993342441_1310727430_o-768x572.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/22766416_10210306993342441_1310727430_o-806x600.jpg 806w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/22766416_10210306993342441_1310727430_o-60x45.jpg 60w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11855\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Not all the photographs in the book were taken from the air, such as an on the ground photograph of Tiberius<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It would be na\u00efve to see Dalman as an apolitical researcher interested solely in the past. As the first director of the institute he established, Dalman helped the German empire to infiltrate deeper into the Middle East under a religious-Christian guise. It is possible that when he published his book in 1925, almost a decade after the collapse of the Ottoman and German empires, Dalman (like many of his German contemporaries) had abandoned his imperialistic aspirations regarding the Middle East. However, Dalman&#8217;s curiosity about and love for the land of the Bible remined strong until his death in 1941.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A glimpse into the book of the German theologian who collected 100 aerial photographs of the Land of Israel<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":14106,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[217,1768],"tags":[1770],"tags2":[],"class_list":["post-14103","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-land-of-israel","category-meragesh-en","tag----en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u05de\u05d0\u05d4 \u05ea\u05e6\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05e8 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e4\u05dc\u05e1\u05d8\u05d9\u05df - \u05ea\u05e6\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05d9 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