{"id":138822,"date":"2023-07-03T12:37:25","date_gmt":"2023-07-03T09:37:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/?p=138822"},"modified":"2023-07-11T13:28:18","modified_gmt":"2023-07-11T10:28:18","slug":"wehrmacht-jewish-soldier","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/wehrmacht-jewish-soldier\/","title":{"rendered":"The Wehrmacht\u2019s Jewish Soldier"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The curious case of Walter Dirr begins with his father, Robert Heinrich Dirr (1880\u20131944), born into a Catholic family in M\u00fchlhausen, Germany. Drafted at age seventeen, Dirr climbed the ranks to become an officer in 1904. By then, he was also apprenticing in construction. Robert became an architect in Metz, a city in Elsass-Lothringen, formerly part of the German Reich and now part of France. In 1907, Dirr fell in love with Frieda Rothschild (1889\u20131978, no relation to the famous banking family).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_135600\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-135600\" style=\"width: 660px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-135600\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/zug-Repaired-Enhanced660.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"660\" height=\"831\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/zug-Repaired-Enhanced660.jpg 660w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/zug-Repaired-Enhanced660-238x300.jpg 238w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/zug-Repaired-Enhanced660-477x600.jpg 477w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-135600\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Their courageous romance didn\u2019t last. Frieda (n\u00e9e Rothschild) and Robert Dirr early in their marriage<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">She was one of twelve children born to Orthodox Jewish parents in J\u00fcnkerath, Germany. Frieda\u2019s family disapproved of the relationship. So when the couple asked permission to become engaged, her mother challenged them to test their love by refraining from all contact for a year. Should they still wish to marry after that, the Rothschilds would consent.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Throughout 1908, their year of separation, Robert kept a diary. Addressing every entry to Frieda, he filled more than 250 pages with thoughts such as \u201cI can overcome everything with joy owing to my love and confidence in you.\u201d At year\u2019s end, he presented the leather-bound journal to Frieda. \u201cYou have to feel,\u201d read the flyleaf dedication, \u201chow in my whole being, with every drop of blood, with every beat of my heart, I have been living only for you. [\u2026] Only once can a man really and truly love, dedicating himself so fully to just one person.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Frieda and Robert wed in either 1909 or 1910. Settling in Metz, they had three children: Mirjam Caroline (1913\u20132000), Argonna (1915\u20132003), and Walter Julius Hermann Stephan (1923\u20132012). Walter collected the family\u2019s letters, diaries, photographs, and documents, later passing them on to a relative. In January 2021, the collection was deposited in the Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People at the National Library of Israel.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_135596\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-135596\" style=\"width: 660px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-135596 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/archive660.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"660\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/archive660.jpg 660w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/archive660-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-135596\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The family archive at the time of its deposit. Photo: Franziska Ehmer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Separate But Safe<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The few clues regarding the circumstances leading to Walter\u2019s short-lived military career are located in several journals and letters written by Frieda Dirr between 1915 and 1945. Frieda and Robert\u2019s initially happy marriage foundered in the economic crisis that began in 1923. Robert had to sell their new home, and ongoing financial struggles further strained their relationship. Frieda\u2019s diary describes this difficult period, but in comparison with what was to come, it was positively idyllic.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The couple divorced after Hitler\u2019s nomination as German chancellor in 1933, but Robert was still able to utilize his connections with the Catholic Church to move his family to nearby, independent Luxembourg.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Initially neutral after Hitler\u2019s invasion of Poland, Luxembourg fell victim to Nazi aggression in March 1940, when German troops crossed the border. Of the 35,000 Jews then in Luxembourg, most of them refugees from Germany, only a few hundred survived.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Here the intrigue begins. Robert registered his family as Catholics in Luxembourg, and though they never hid Frieda\u00b4s maiden name, the Dirrs joined the community of gentile German exiles. Letters indicate that acquaintances knew nothing of the family\u00b4s Jewish roots. In stark contrast to the fate suffered by Luxembourg\u2019s Jews, the \u201ccover\u201d provided by Robert Dirr meant that his family could survive without going into hiding.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">One piece of mail stands out among many sent to various family members during the war. Dated November 26, 1944, the letter is addressed to Walter, then twenty-one, by a German commandant in Luxembourg. Clearly oblivious to Walter\u2019s background, the official hopes for a \u201cgood end\u201d for their \u201cmutual fatherland.\u201d He sounds concerned for the Dirrs\u2019 safety and surprised by their decision to stay in Luxembourg despite the Allies\u2019 approach. The \u201canger of the people of Luxembourg\u201d would, he feared, soon be directed toward the loyal Germans in their midst.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Home Front<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">So how was Walter Dirr drafted into the Wehrmacht, as the German army was known? There seems to have been an oversight. Dirr\u2019s military papers list his religion as Catholic, although his mother\u2019s typically Jewish maiden name appears here too.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-135603\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hoger1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"660\" height=\"468\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hoger1.jpg 660w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hoger1-300x213.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_135606\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-135606\" style=\"width: 660px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-135606\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hoger2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"660\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hoger2.jpg 660w, https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hoger2-300x212.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-135606\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Though the name Rothschild appears in Walter Dirr\u2019s army papers, it seems to have been overlooked by clerks intent on drafting ever more Germans to fight in the east<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Called up in 1943, Walter fought for Germany in the east. A leg wound after just two months in the field ensured that he spent the rest of the war recuperating in various field hospitals before returning to his mother and sisters. Although physically untouched by the conflict, Frieda Rothschild emerged from it a changed woman. Her nerves shattered by the strain of concealment and her fears for her son, she transformed from an open, confident socialite into a possessive, dependent matriarch. She told her children never to marry, and all complied; Argonna even lived with Frieda until the latter\u2019s death. Robert Dirr\u2019s undying love may not have withstood the Depression, but it did enable his ex-wife and children to survive the Holocaust more or less intact.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As far as we know &#8211; Walter, who discovered he was Jewish relatively late in life, continued living in Germany and apparently made contact over the years with some of his mother&#8217;s relatives who lived in Haifa, Israel.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The original version of this article was published in <em>Segula \u2013 The Jewish History Magazine<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How did Walter Dirr, born to a Jewish mother and a Catholic father, come to be drafted into Hitler\u2019s army? Clues from a family archive <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":394,"featured_media":135697,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[216],"tags":[1742,1978],"tags2":[2824,2825],"class_list":["post-138822","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-diaspora","tag-german-jewry","tag-nazi-germany"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Wehrmacht\u2019s Jewish Soldier<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How did Walter Dirr, born to a Jewish mother and a Catholic father, come to be drafted into Hitler\u2019s army? 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