{"id":118214,"date":"2022-04-12T12:17:42","date_gmt":"2022-04-12T09:17:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/?p=118214"},"modified":"2024-04-01T11:08:05","modified_gmt":"2024-04-01T08:08:05","slug":"lbh-maror","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/lbh-maror\/","title":{"rendered":"‘Bitter’ Women at the Seder Table and the Men Who Pointed at Them"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pesach, matza, maror<\/em>. Father lifts the matza, symbolizing our speedy exit from Egypt. Then, the maror<\/em> (bitter herb) reminds us of the bitterness of slavery, the bondage and subjugation, so father points at\u2026 mother!<\/p>\n

This long-forgotten custom, which apparently was never mentioned in any Rabbinical codes or books of traditional practices (yet in recent history has been discussed on the Seforim Blog<\/a>),<\/em> is depicted in many medieval illustrated Haggadot<\/a> going back to 14th<\/sup> century Provence.<\/p>\n

It is based upon Bible and Talmud (Yev 63b):\u00ad \u201cA bad woman is so terrible. \u2018I have found a woman to be worse (mar<\/em>) than death\u2019 (Ecclesiastes 7:26)\u201d.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
The Maror<\/em> page of the “Brother Haggadah<\/a>“, produced in Provence or Catalonia in the 14th century. From the British Library collection; available via the National Library of Israel Digital Collection. On the type of Maror depicted, see here<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"\"<\/a>
Closeup of the man pointing at his “bitter” wife in the “Brother Haggadah<\/a>“<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Since antiquity, lettuce was used at the Passover<\/a> Seder as maror<\/em>, the bitter herb. The Talmud, already bothered by the fact that lettuce is not bitter, says that it is sweet at first, when young, when normally consumed, but at the end of its growth, as the leaves wither, lettuce becomes extremely bitter, just like our servitude in Egypt was sweet when Joseph and his brothers arrived and only became bitter under the new Pharaoh (Jerusalem Talmud, Pesahim 2:5). So too, the medieval custom hints that at first a woman is sweet, during the courting period, but eventually, after years of marriage, she becomes bitter, mar<\/em>, \u201cworse than death\u201d. <\/em><\/p>\n

In the 15th<\/sup> century, the custom spread to Germany and Italy, where it was depicted in several illustrated Haggadot, for example:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
The Maror<\/em> page of the “Tegernsee Haggadah<\/a>” produced in, Bavaria in the 15th century. From the collections of Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munchen; available via the National Library of Israel Digital Collection<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"\"<\/a>
Closeup of the man and his “bitter wife” in the “Tegernsee Haggadah<\/a>“<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"\"<\/a>
The “Washington Haggadah<\/a>“, produced in Italy in the 15th century. From the Library of Congress collection<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"\"
Closeup of the man and his wife, depicted as even “more bitter than death” as she wields a sword in the “Washington Haggadah<\/a>“<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

By that time, many Ashkenazi Jewish communities had begun to replace lettuce with horseradish as maror <\/em>(Yiddish: Khrain<\/em>; German: Meerrettich<\/em>). This transition is shrouded in mystery. In the Mishna, something called “tamkha<\/em>” is listed as one of the plant species that can be used for\u00a0maror.\u00a0<\/em>Based upon Arthur Schaeffer\u2019s research, I propose that Rabbi Meir ha-Cohen (author of Hagahot Maimoniot <\/em>and a disciple of Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg, c. 1215-1293) identified “tamkha<\/em>” as horseradish because “meer<\/em>” sounds like the Hebrew word “mar<\/em>” (bitter) and the first syllable of the French\/Italian marubia <\/em>(horehound, which is the identification of Rashi, as well as an opinion in the Arukh<\/em>, the important medieval dictionary of Talmudic and Midrashic words).\u00a0 Marubia <\/em>itself was possibly selected because it also sounds like the Hebrew mar <\/em>(or vice-versa, the vernacular name following the Hebrew).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Maror was identified as “Meerrettich” in Hagagot Maimoniot<\/em><\/a>, the earliest Ashkenazi gloss on Maimonides. From the Frankfurt a. M. Universit\u00e4tsbibliothek (Fol. 15 – 227v); available via the National Library of Israel Digital Collection. Click image to enlarge<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In addition to the phonetic similarity between the Old French and the German, there are also physical characteristics shared by horehound and horseradish, especially small white flowers:<\/p>\n

\"\"
Marrubium vulgare (horehound), from K\u00f6hler’s Medizinal-Pflanzen<\/em> (Public domain)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"\"
Horseradish (Photo: Pethan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Interestingly, at first, the bitter leaves of the horseradish plant were used for maror<\/em>, not the sharp roots.<\/p>\n

One can only imagine that Jewish women did not take kindly to the “bitter wife” custom, and we find that they ultimately struck back at the men with literary flair as sharp as the horseradish itself. This is attested to in the late 15th<\/sup> century Hileq and Bileq Haggadah. <\/em><\/p>\n

The wife responds to her husband’s pointing in kind, pointing back at him dominantly from the left. The knives on the table, easily available to the wife only add to her power in the scene.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
The “Hileq and Bileq Haggadah<\/a>“, produced in Germany, 1450-1500. From the National Library of France collection<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The man states the following, which rhymes in the original Hebrew:<\/p>\n

“\u05de\u05e8\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05e7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d1\u05bc\u05b0\u05d4\u05b8\u05e8\u05b5\u05dd, \u05d1\u05d6\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d6\u05d4 \u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05dd”<\/p>\n

“I raise my voice about this bitter maror<\/em>, it is caused by both this and that.”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Both the herb and the wife are causes of bitterness, referencing the Babylonian Talmud (Pesahim 27a<\/a>)\u00a0on dual causes.<\/p>\n

The wife retorts:<\/p>\n

“\u05d4\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05ea\u05d9\u05da \u05db\u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05de\u05d4\u05dd, \u05d5\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d4\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9 \u05d5\u05d9\u05e1’\u05e8\u05d9\u05d7 \u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd”<\/p>\n

“Well, I consider you one of them; let the third one in to stink between them!”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The wife\u2019s response cleverly paraphrases the last rule of the famous 13 homiletical methods of Rabbi Ishmael, which is found in Jewish prayer books and was presumably familiar to the Haggadah’s readership:<\/p>\n

\n

\u201cWhen two Biblical verses contradict each other, we require a third to decide (yakhria\u2019) <\/em>between them\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

The wife poetically states that the maror <\/em>will stink (yasriakh)<\/em> between us, meaning that both husband and wife are equally bitter. Alternatively, she signals that it\u2019s stink will also decide:<\/p>\n

\n

\u201cThat\u2019s what you think, but I say that you <\/em>are the bitter one! [How can we decide who is right?] Let\u2019s consult a third opinion to decide between us, [the maror<\/em> itself. Smell it. It stinks like you, so you must be the bitter one!]\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

The men apparently began dropping the custom in the late 15th<\/sup> century. Perhaps they were devastated by this witty reply.<\/p>\n

The last known description of the custom to point at the wife is found in one of the first printed illustrated Haggadot, the Prague Haggadah from 1526<\/a>. Nonetheless, according to scholar Israel Peles, in that example it is simply a textual relic of an already dead custom copied from an earlier source, and the wife is not even depicted in the illustration.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Explanation of the custom appearing in the early 16th century Prague Haggadah<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

In the spirit of the popular book Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus<\/em>, perhaps the Passover version could be: \u201cMen are Meerrettich, Ladies are like Lettuce\u201d.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

This article was written in memory of the author’s mother, Bruria Jacobi, of blessed memory. An earlier version of the article was originally published in <\/em>\u00daj Kelet<\/a>, in a Hungarian translation. <\/em>It appears here in English for the first time, part of <\/em>Gesher L\u2019Europa<\/a>, the National Library of Israel\u2019s initiative to connect with people, institutions and communities across Europe and beyond, through storytelling, knowledge sharing and community engagement.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cArt of the Washington Haggadah\u201d by Bezalel Narkiss, appearing in The Washington Haggadah: A Facsimile Edition of an Illuminated Fifteenth-century Hebrew Manuscript at the Library of Congress<\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cControversies Regarding Customs That Can Be Gleaned from Haggadot<\/em><\/a>\u201d (in Hebrew) by Yisrael Mordechi Peles<\/p>\n

\u201cThe History of Horseradish as the Bitter Herb of Passover<\/a>\u201d by Arthur Schaffer<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This long-forgotten Passover custom was dealt a bitter blow by a sharp wife in a 15th century Haggadah…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":291,"featured_media":118367,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[218],"tags":[1554,1549,310,224,1218,1911,1231],"tags2":[2829,2876,2789,2665,2782,2799,3100,2874],"class_list":["post-118214","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-judaism","tag-deciphering-jewish-manuscripts","tag-haggadah","tag-jewishmanuscripts","tag-judaism","tag-life-before-the-holocaust","tag-manuscripts","tag-passover"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n'Bitter' Women at the Seder Table and the Men Who Pointed at Them<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This long-forgotten Passover custom was dealt a bitter blow by a sharp wife in a 15th century Haggadah...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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