{"id":115646,"date":"2022-03-15T13:48:57","date_gmt":"2022-03-15T11:48:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/?p=115646"},"modified":"2024-03-20T16:15:33","modified_gmt":"2024-03-20T14:15:33","slug":"lbh-haman-pope","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/lbh-haman-pope\/","title":{"rendered":"The Pope and Haman in Renaissance Italy"},"content":{"rendered":"

Purim is undoubtedly a time of joy. It is the time set to celebrate Queen Esther and the miraculous salvation of the Jewish people from the hands of the evil Haman. People wear costumes, give food and drink to friends and neighbors, eat the traditional hamantaschen<\/em><\/a>. People attend comical Purimshpil<\/em> performances<\/a> and raucous Adloyada<\/em>\u00a0parades<\/a>.<\/p>\n

However, Purim is much more than that: it is a time to defy evil and pursue social justice.\u00a0In addition to donating charity to the poor, Jews observe the commandment of reading the Scroll of Esther (the “megillah<\/em>“) aloud, so that everyone will know about Haman’s downfall, when he was hanged with his sons on the very gallows he had prepared for Mordecai the Jew.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Puppets representing Haman and his ten sons on the gallows near the ultra-Orthodox neighborhood of Mea Shearim in Jerusalem, 2021 (Photo: Martina Mampieri)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The image of Haman has been one of the most common epithets used to identify the contemporary enemies of the Jews over the centuries, including Pope Gregory I, Tsar Alexander III, Adolf Hitler, and Yasser Arafat.<\/p>\n

The Hebrew chronicle Divre ha-yamim shel ha-apifior Paolo ha-revi\u2019i ha-niqra Teatino <\/em><\/a>(The Chronicle of Pope Paul IV, Known as the Theatine) also features Haman. The work is contained in a nineteenth-century manuscript in Italian cursive script, today held at the National Library of Israel. No other examples of the work, including the original, are known.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
The Chronicle of Pope Paul IV, Known as the Theatine<\/a> was formerly owned by German collector Sigmund Nauheim of Frankfurt (1874-1935), who bequeathed his collection of manuscripts and books to the Jewish National and University Library, today’s National Library of Israel. From the National Library of Israel collection (Ms. Heb. 8\u00b0984)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The author of this remarkable work was the moneylender Benjamin Ne\u1e25emiah ben Elnathan (also known in Italian as Guglielmo di Diodato), whose family had settled down in the city of Civitanova in the March of Ancona, after the expulsion of the Jews from the Kingdom of Naples in 1540-41.<\/p>\n

The chronicle retraces the four years of Pope Paul IV\u2019s pontificate (1555-59), which caused a radical change in the attitude of the Church towards the Jews. Soon after rising to power, the pope, whose given name was Gian Pietro Carafa, unleashed a number of cruel impositions and restrictions. They were published in the July 1555 papal bull known as Cum nimis absurdum<\/em>, and included the establishment of ghettos and the requirement that Jews wear yellow badges.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Painting by Palma il Giovane of Paul IV handing down a statute, ca. 1587 (Public domain)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Under the rule of Paul IV \u2013 the former cardinal-inquisitor, who, among other things, played a fundamental role in the burning of the Talmud in Campo de\u2019 Fiori in Rome in 1553 \u2013 the Roman Inquisition was substantially expanded and strengthened.<\/p>\n

In 1556, one of the darkest chapters in the history of Italy Jewry was written when twenty-six Portuguese Jews, who had been baptized in Portugal in the late fifteenth century and who then returned to Judaism after moving to Italy, were declared heretics and burned at the stake in Ancona.<\/p>\n

In 1559, the same Benjamin Ne\u1e25emiah ben Elnathan, his brother Samuel, and four other Jews from Civitanova were arrested by the Roman Inquisition, accused of having tried to convert a Franciscan friar to Judaism and having thrown stones at certain sacred Christian images. The chronicler recounts that a number of slanderers were behind the accusations, including Aharon ben Mena\u1e25em, a Jewish man who had converted to Christianity and became known as Giovan Battista Buonamici.<\/p>\n

Benjamin compares this apostate to the evil Haman, because like the latter, he used his eloquent manner of speaking to destroy the Jews. According to the account:<\/p>\n

\n

\u201c…in the first days of his conversion, he made himself seem like a man who loved the people of Israel [\u2026] but his heart was full of abominations, then he became an enemy of the Jews and injured them with his speech. He was an evil man and an enemy like Haman who used his speech in a deceitful manner.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

This is not Benjamin’s only mention of Haman. Indeed, Benjamin associates Haman with the pope\u2019s nephew and counsellor, Cardinal Carlo Carafa, who, in another passage of the chronicle, is accused of committing murders, raping virgins, steeling goods and perpetrating other shameful deeds.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Portrait of Cardinal Carlo Carafa in Receuil d’Arras, a 16th century collection of portraits copied by Jacques de Boucq (Public domain)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In the chronicle, Benjamin recounts the cardinal arriving at his dead uncle\u2019s bedside, and curses the two evil men with clear reference to the death of Haman and his sons on the gallows: \u201cBoth of their burning bodies may be hung on a tree and their souls roasted in the fire!\u201d<\/p>\n

Echoing the story of Haman’s downfall, following Paul IV\u2019s death, his successor arrested Carlo Carafa and dragged him through the streets of the Vatican. Moreover, there was a custom to free prisoners following the death of a pope, and so Benjamin and other Jews were released from the Inquisition prisons. According to his own account, Benjamin and his compatriots went to meet the Duke of Civitanova to ask for his permission return home. He granted their request and before they returned to Civitanova, they witnessed the destruction of the previous pope\u2019s statue on the Capitoline Hill in Rome.<\/span><\/p>\n

The manuscript generally depicts Paul IV as evil, and even something of a devil, with the author often cursing him and including him \u201cin the company of the evil\u201d, along with Balaam \u2013 the non-Israelite prophet who cursed the people of Israel (Numbers 22-24). Benjamin also links Paul IV to Amalek, the eternal enemies of the Israelites who were first encountered during the forty-year trek in the wilderness following the exodus from Egypt, and who, according to tradition, were among Haman’s ancestors. In the biblical account, Amalek\u2019s attack was the first war Israel experienced, and the victory marked a shift in the history of the Jewish people. God ordered Moses to \u201cInscribe this in a document as a reminder, and read it aloud to Joshua: I will utterly blot out the memory of Amalek from under heaven!\u201d (Exodus 17:14).<\/p>\n

In this sense, the writing of a detailed chronicle on the \u201cevil pope\u201d and his reign was perceived by Benjamin as a moral commandment. Like the Scroll of Esther, The<\/em> Chronicle of Pope Paul IV <\/em>narrates the miraculous salvation of the Jewish people from the evil plots of their enemies, who are ultimately defeated.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

Martina Mampieri is the author of <\/em>Living Under the Evil Pope: The Hebrew Chronicle of Pope Paul IV by Benjamin Neh\u0323emiah ben Elnathan from Civitanova Marche (16th cent.)<\/a>, published in 2020 by Brill.<\/em><\/p>\n

This article has been published as part of\u00a0Gesher L\u2019Europa<\/a>, the National Library of Israel\u2019s initiative to connect with people, institutions and communities across Europe and beyond, through storytelling, knowledge sharing and community engagement.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The only known manuscript of The Chronicle of Pope Paul IV is at the National Library in Jerusalem…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":285,"featured_media":115793,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[216],"tags":[304,1554,1847,1708,310,1218,1911,1951],"tags2":[2799],"class_list":["post-115646","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-diaspora","tag-antisemitism","tag-deciphering-jewish-manuscripts","tag-italian-jewry","tag-jewish-holidays","tag-jewishmanuscripts","tag-life-before-the-holocaust","tag-manuscripts","tag-purim-eng"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe Pope and Haman in Renaissance Italy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The only known manuscript of The Chronicle of Pope Paul IV is at the National Library in Jerusalem...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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