{"id":112845,"date":"2021-12-21T07:50:49","date_gmt":"2021-12-21T05:50:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/?p=112845"},"modified":"2021-12-22T13:18:57","modified_gmt":"2021-12-22T11:18:57","slug":"lbh-nahum-halberstadt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/lbh-nahum-halberstadt\/","title":{"rendered":"They Jailed Him for Insulting Hitler on an Unopened Envelope"},"content":{"rendered":"

“While Hitler and his clique rule Germany no decent man should have dealings in German goods.”<\/p>\n

When Warsaw merchant and chemist Nahum Halberstadt scribbled these words on an envelope and returned to sender, he never thought they would get him incarcerated. Yet, more than two years after the unopened enveloped was sent, a Polish court sentenced Halberstadt to prison time.<\/p>\n

His offense? Transgressing a provision of the Polish criminal code that forbade insulting heads of friendly foreign governments.<\/p>\n

In Halberstadt’s own words<\/a>:<\/p>\n

\n

“I had no intention of insulting Hitler. I was annoyed by the insistence and audacity of Germans who offered me German electrical bulbs for sale to Jews in Poland, especially when Jews were so maltreated in Germany. I didn’t even open their letters , as I wasn’t interested in their contents. But, moved by the terrible crimes against Jews in Germany, I wanted to tell the Germans not to pester me with their affairs, so I wrote on an envelope, ‘While Hitler and his clique rule Germany, no decent man should have dealings in German goods.’ What happened after that I didn’t know, until summoned by the police.”<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Apparently what had happened was that German postal authorities intercepted the envelope with Halberstadt’s message on it and brought it to the attention of the Foreign Ministry, which in turn raised the issue with the then-friendly Polish regime.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Polish Foreign Minister Josef Beck sits with Hermann G\u00f6ring in a carriage, July 1935 (Lothar Schaack \/ German Federal Archive \/ CC-BY-SA 3.0<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The case in itself, and certainly the verdict, were decried by the local Jewish community<\/a>.<\/p>\n

One contemporary news report<\/a> described the scene as follows:<\/p>\n

\n

“Packed with eager spectators, the courtroom was in a turmoil when the verdict was handed down.”<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

The story in fact traveled well beyond the borders of Poland and Germany.<\/p>\n

An editorial in The New York Times<\/em> entitled “Poland Defends Hitler” emphasized the absurdity and injustice of the affair, lauding Halberstadt’s words as “a manly and natural outburst on the part of a Jew living so close to Naziland.”<\/p>\n

An opinion piece<\/a> in the B’nai Brith Messenger declared:<\/p>\n

\n

“This Jewish merchant now occupies a place among the Jewish heroes of our day, and his martyrdom should serve not to discourage, but rather to encourage rebellion against bigotry. For if we yield we merely encourage the proscribing of our human rights to protest against persecution.”<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Taking into consideration extenuating circumstances, including Halberstadt’s advanced age, the fact that he had no previous criminal record and was “acting under provocation,” the court meted out a reduced term of eight months in jail, far less than the maximum possible sentence of three years.<\/p>\n

Poland itself was no stranger to antisemitism. Calls for boycotts against Jewish businesses and physical attacks on Jews were common throughout the 1920s<\/a> and 1930s<\/a>, often perpetrated by student groups and other bigoted factions. This was especially true during the Christmas season<\/a>, when efforts would be stepped up against Jewish shop owners.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Jewish shops in Warsaw, early 20th century.<\/a> From the Joseph and Margit Hoffman Judaica Postcard Collection; part of the National Library of Israel Digital Collection<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Nonetheless, it was during this period in the end of 1935, that a general Christmas amnesty freed<\/a> Nahum Halberstadt from jail along with some 30,000 other Polish prisoners, many of them leaders of violently antisemitic Polish nationalist groups. In fact, the very same Christian holiday season in which Halberstadt became free once more saw rabid antisemitic attacks throughout Poland<\/a>, including massive boycotting of Jewish-owned shops and violent attacks on Jews.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Headline appearing in the January 2, 1936 edition of The Sentinel<\/em>.<\/a> From the National Library of Israel Digital Collection<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

German forces entered Warsaw nearly four years to the day after Nahum Halberstadt was convicted of insulting the head of a friendly foreign government.<\/p>\n

An estimated five million Polish civilians \u2013 at least three million of them Jews \u2013 were killed between 1939 and 1945.<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

This article has been published as part of\u00a0Gesher L\u2019Europa<\/a>, the National Library of Israel\u2019s initiative to connect with people, institutions and communities across Europe and beyond, through storytelling, knowledge sharing and community engagement.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Convicted in Poland for insulting the head of a friendly nation, Jewish hero Nahum Halberstadt was freed on Christmas Day<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":74,"featured_media":112868,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[216],"tags":[304,649,1218,1640,1715,309],"tags2":[2704,2689,2782,2773,2783,2640],"class_list":["post-112845","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-diaspora","tag-antisemitism","tag-gesherleuropa","tag-life-before-the-holocaust","tag-poland","tag-polish-jewry","tag-theholocaust"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThey Jailed Him for Insulting Hitler on an Unopened Envelope<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Convicted in Poland for insulting the head of a friendly nation, Jewish hero Nahum Halberstadt was freed on Christmas Day\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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