{"id":110324,"date":"2021-10-28T20:01:28","date_gmt":"2021-10-28T17:01:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/?p=110324"},"modified":"2021-10-28T20:01:30","modified_gmt":"2021-10-28T17:01:30","slug":"lbh-mexican-inquisition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/lbh-mexican-inquisition\/","title":{"rendered":"Revealed: Stirring Words from the Victims of the Mexican Inquisition"},"content":{"rendered":"

A century after a Catholic theocracy rampaged across Iberia in the late 15th<\/sup> Century, multitudes of Jews had fled abroad or were living in hiding.<\/p>\n

Those who escaped preserved and built the Sephardi culture we enjoy today.<\/p>\n

Many Jews who had immigrated to the New World outwardly lived as converts, while secretly maintaining threads of a Jewish life \u2013 so-called crypto-Jews.\u00a0 They lost the liturgy, could have no prayer books, and knew little Hebrew beyond the “Shema”, yet they clung to their Jewish heritage, creating their own unique brand of Jewish identity and culture.<\/p>\n

Many were eventually betrayed as Jewish dogmatizers, yet remained steadfast in their beliefs through years of torture and imprisonment in the dungeons of the Inquisition, even in the New World, ultimately paraded through throngs of cheering crowds to be burned alive at the stake with their siblings, parents, and children, as part of a public display known as an auto de f\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
An auto de f\u00e9 in Peru, 17th century (Public domain). Click image to enlarge<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
An auto de f\u00e9 in San Bartolom\u00e9 Otzolotepec, Mexico (Public domain). Click image to enlarge<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

How could they reconcile their Jewish beliefs while facing such horrors?<\/p>\n

For some, we actually know the answer, as they inscribed their inner thoughts and rationale into poems and prayers.<\/p>\n

The sacred writings of crypto-Jews in Mexico 400 years ago ring with a desperation tempered by deep faith in Hashem, the God of their ancestors.<\/p>\n

It was their own sin \u2013 turning their back on the Law \u2013 that led to their suffering.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Depiction of different forms of torture performed during the Inquisition, appearing in the book History of the Inquisition<\/em><\/a>. From the National Library of Israel collection<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Despite it all, they called out in repentance, hoping, knowing that Hashem would in some way hear their cry \u2013 if sincere \u2013 and then generously shine His favor upon them once again.<\/p>\n

The Carvajal family in Mexico was led by Luis de Carvajal, the younger, an “alumbrado,<\/em>” a mystic.<\/p>\n

His family and friends became embroiled in the Inquisition. Many of them, including Luis, were finally martyred at the auto de f\u00e9 of 1596 in Mexico City.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
The Palace of the Inquisition in Mexico City, now the Museum of Mexican Medicine (Thelmadatter \/ CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

What we know of them comes from their own writings.\u00a0 Fragments of poems and prayers circulating in this crypto-Jewish community are preserved in the transcripts of their trials.\u00a0 The Inquisitors were scrupulous in their recording of evidence against those that followed the Laws of Moses, forcing the accused to sing the songs and recite the prayers that condemned them in humiliation.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
A depiction of the execution of Mariana de Carvajal appearing in the book El Libro Rojo: 1520-1867<\/em>\u00a0(Public domain)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The trial transcripts of crypto-Jews in the New World are currently housed as original single-copy documents in special library collections and archives around the world, as well as rare archival and microfilm copies, such as the Mexican Inquisition Collection<\/a> at the National Library of Israel’s Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People in Jerusalem.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Fly page of the transcript of the 1601 Inquisition trial of Leonor de C\u00e1ceres, grandniece of Luis de Carvajal, now in the Huntington Library collection (Photo: Mark Schneegurt). Click image to enlarge<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

The new publication, Anthology of Religious Poetry from the Mexican Inquisition Trials of 16th-Century CryptoJews<\/em><\/a>, brings these cultic compositions together in the most comprehensive collection of paleographic transcriptions to date.\u00a0 It is rich in bibliographic information for scholars seeking to study the religious poetry of Mexican crypto-Jews. For the lay reader, these poems are presented in Spanish and translated into English.<\/p>\n

Penitential prayers tinged with hope are mixed with beautiful compositions that speak to a deep understanding and belief in the ways of Hashem.<\/p>\n

The most famous compositions are nine poems, known as “canticos”, which were culled from the Inquisition records of\u00a0 Luis de Carvajal’s trial. The following is the first English translation of one such poem, known as “Cantico 3”:<\/p>\n

As for myself, I have a heart enamelled
\nwith the name of the Lord, holy and blessed,
\nand as much as I feel faint,
\nin just thinking of Him my spirit rejoices…
\nRemind me of the time that teaches me,
\nit was to deliver me from Egypt,
\nand to see that He that was then is now,
\nI hope for better times, I pray.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Stars in the heavens<\/strong><\/p>\n

While the Carvajal family and other crypto-Jewish clans in Mexico were pursued by the Inquisition for another 60 years, many survived to become as numerous as the stars in the heavens.<\/p>\n

Many became the founders of cities throughout what is now the southwest United States, yet they had lost virtually all traces of Jewish identity.\u00a0 Some families maintained tidbits of Jewish customs, but did not make the connection to their Jewish heritage, until recently.<\/p>\n

Today, crypto-Jews related to the Carvajal family and others are being identified through extensive genealogical studies from El Paso, Texas to St. Augustine, Florida and beyond.<\/p>\n

Thousands are returning to Judaism, converting to the religion of their ancestors.<\/p>\n

Anthology<\/em> provides a glimpse into their heritage. It gives us all a vision into how crypto-Jews reconciled their martyrdom, while remaining faithful to Hashem.<\/p>\n

There is wisdom here for us all.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

Anthology of Religious Poetry from the Mexican Inquisition Trials of 16th-Century CryptoJews<\/a>, transcribed and translated by the author is now available online, part of the National Library of Israel’s Digital Collection.<\/em><\/p>\n

This article has been published as part of\u00a0Gesher L\u2019Europa<\/a>, the National Library of Israel\u2019s initiative to connect with people, institutions and communities across Europe and beyond, through storytelling, knowledge sharing and community engagement.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jews in Mexico who secretly kept their faith were tortured and tried. Their tormentors saved their poems…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":268,"featured_media":110448,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[218],"tags":[304,649,1689,1632],"tags2":[],"class_list":["post-110324","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-judaism","tag-antisemitism","tag-gesherleuropa","tag-inquisition","tag-spanish-jewry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nRevealed: Stirring Words from the Victims of the Mexican Inquisition<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Jews in Mexico who secretly kept their faith were tortured and tried. 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