{"id":109529,"date":"2021-10-13T14:18:42","date_gmt":"2021-10-13T11:18:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.nli.org.il\/?p=109529"},"modified":"2021-10-17T12:03:04","modified_gmt":"2021-10-17T09:03:04","slug":"lbh-bernhard-rilke","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blognli2026.moonsite.co.il\/en\/lbh-bernhard-rilke\/","title":{"rendered":"The Star Austrian Poet’s Tragic and Forgotten Jewish \u201cMuse\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"

An early disciple of Sigmund Freud, Dr. Max Eitingon founded the first psychoanalytic institute and clinic in Berlin. Following his death in 1943, most of Eitingon’s renowned collection of books came to the Jewish National and University Library (today’s National Library of Israel) in Jerusalem, where he had fled following the Nazi rise to power.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Dr. Max Eitingon in Jerusalem, ca. 1930s.<\/a> From the Abraham Schwadron Portrait Collection at the National Library of Israel<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

One of these books, Das Buch der Bilder<\/em><\/a> (The Book of Images), was one of several works in Eitingon’s collection by Rainer Maria Rilke, a major celebrity of his day and one of the 20th<\/sup> century’s most popular poets.<\/p>\n

Eitingon’s path crossed with Rilke’s after the poet’s erstwhile lover and lifelong mentor, the Russian-born writer Lou Andreas-Salom\u00e9, attended\u00a0 a gathering of the International Psychoanalytic Association in 1911. She went on to study with Freud, soon began to practice analysis herself, and brought Rilke with her to the following psychoanalytic congress two years later. But Rilke \u2013 despite his recurring bouts of depression \u2013 rebuffed her entreaties to be analyzed.<\/p>\n

Some three decades later, a copy of Das Buch der Bilder<\/em> was found at the gates of Auschwitz. It had an inscription from Rilke to another woman, who had been a patient of Eitingon’s. The book was picked up by a guard and its postwar discovery caused a stir, yet little attention was paid to the woman\u2019s own tragic story.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

A vivacious, melancholy brunette<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hedwig Bernhard, the daughter of a wealthy Jewish merchant in Berlin, was mentally unstable enough for her parents to engage a companion-cum-minder.<\/p>\n

Shortly before her 25th<\/sup> birthday, Hedwig Bernhard and her chaperone checked into the same hotel that Rilke was patronizing to overcome his own chronic depression and writer\u2019s block.<\/p>\n

Rilke and Bernhard had both taken to the waters at Bad Rippoldsau in the Black Forest to help assuage their ailments.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Bad Rippoldsau, early 20th century (Public domain)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

According to Rilke\u2019s biographer Ralph Freedman, she was \u201ca vivacious brunette with a flush of youth but with a kind of searching introspection and sensibility that anxiously reached out to him.\u201d Her self-introduction as an actress \u201con holiday from her work with the Luisentheater in Berlin\u201d appears throughout the vast number of works on Rilke. She presents herself as an actress in a 1935 letter sent to Martin Buber<\/a>, yet there is little to no other evidence of her playing on any professional stage.<\/p>\n

These rare archival materials appear online here for the first time:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\"\"<\/a>\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Letter and newspaper clipping featuring a photo of Bernhard, which she sent to Martin Buber, 1935.<\/a> From the Martin Buber Archive at the National Library of Israel. Click images to enlarge<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The Berlin-born physician Theodor Zondek, whose mother was Bernhard\u2019s \u201clifelong friend,\u201d would reminisce delicately that Bernhard \u201cstudied to be an actress but did not follow this career for various reasons\u201d and \u201cdecided after an illness to visit a spa.\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

A fateful encounter<\/strong><\/p>\n

According to Rilke\u2019s biography:<\/p>\n

\n

\u201c…a friendship developed in walks along narrow trails through the forest\u2026 In her diary Bernhard became eloquent about his soft, melodic voice, his small, fragile figure, his high forehead, and especially his eyes, which she compared to \u2018two large, clear blue lakes’.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Rilke scholars have debated whether Bernhard was for him one of numerous \u201cmuses,\u201d or no more than a Kurschatten <\/em>(spa shadow) \u2013 an ephemeral liaison so common at the time that it was \u201crecognized as promoting the cure.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Rilke and Bernhard at Rippoldsau railroad station on July 5, 1913. The photo was taken with her camera. (Courtesy: Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Germany)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

During their last night together, Rilke inscribed two volumes of his poetry to Hedwig, adding new, handwritten poems that progressed in intimacy from “Sie<\/em>” to “Du<\/em>“. \u00a0On their walks, Bernhard had taken several excellent photos of Rilke. When he saw her off at the railway station, she apparently asked a less adept bystander to take a picture of them together. The resulting blurry photo is one of the only surviving images of Bernhard.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

War and waning affection<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rilke wrote to her for several months \u2013 even asking her for copies of the photos to give away to others. But his interest waned. In May 1914, with Bernhard not (yet) willing to undergo analysis, Max wrote to his wife Mirra:<\/p>\n

\n

\u201cdie\u00a0Bernhard<\/em>\u00a0is melancholy\u2026\u00a0 I have to find a way to get [her] moving somehow.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

That August, World War I broke out.<\/p>\n

Rilke\u2019s publisher rushed a Kriegsalmanach <\/em>for 1915 into print and it became an instant bestseller, featuring five new \u201cchants\u201d by Rilke, \u201cinvoking the Kriegs-Gott<\/em> and calling for a banner of jubilant suffering to be raised.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Depiction of the “Kriegs-Gott” (“God of War”) appearing in the 1915 Kriegsalmanach.<\/a> From the National Library of Israel collection<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Eitingon, an Austrian citizen like Rilke, had volunteered as a medical officer, and Bernhard sent him a copy (\u201chow friendly of her!\u201d he wrote to his wife Mirra). Unfortunately, it was ruined by stains from the holiday fruitcake that she packed in the same parcel.<\/p>\n

Believing Rilke\u2019s affection would last, she surprised him at another spa. <\/em>But he was already involved with the next of his many \u201cmuses,\u201d and stopped writing to her.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Rainer Maria Rilke, 1900. According to Max Eitingon, Rilke “understood the great, boundless lovers among women so well” (Public domain)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Hedwig\u2019s mental state deteriorated and she called on Mirra to inquire about Max, who was away at war.<\/p>\n

A letter Bernhard wrote to him still reflected Rilke\u2019s attitude to Freudianism: Max reported indignantly to Mirra that Bernhard asked \u201cwhether in my wartime medical activity I had not learned to think differently about [psycho]analysis!\u201d The question touched a sore spot for Eitingon, who had found no scope for analysis while treating battlefield injuries in his field hospital. But Hedwig soon sent \u201ca disguised apology for her question,\u201d which Max gallantly accepted: \u201cof course I know well enough the expressions of \u2018resistance\u2019 [to analysis].\u201d<\/p>\n

He could but lament Bernhard\u2019s \u201cregrets that now, when she has become ripe for analysis, the doctor is not there.\u201d As all military mail was reviewed by the censors, he added discreetly, \u201c\u2026the hopelessness of her relationship with R— e compounds Miss B\u2019s condition.\u201d<\/p>\n

Hedwig regularly visited Mirra Eitingon, who could not but have felt some empathy. Seven years earlier, her own promising career as an actress in Russia and her previous marriage had been derailed by a doomed affair with a famous writer.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Mirra Eitingon as a young woman (Enhanced image \/ Public domain)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

It had plunged her <\/em>into depression, for which she was referred to Dr. Eitingon. A passionate romance at another Black Forest spa soon developed between Max and Mirra.<\/p>\n

Now Max \u201cagreed entirely\u201d with his wife\u2019s intuitive ideas of how to support Bernhard. \u201cMirrinka,\u201d he lapsed into their common Russian mother tongue, \u201cfollow the course of your heart, always tell her when something warm swells up in you while facing her. She is so receptive to it!\u201d<\/p>\n

Still, Eitingon could not bring himself to blame Rilke for Bernhard\u2019s plight:<\/p>\n

\n

\u201cThis wonderful person\u2026 understood the great, boundless lovers among women so well\u2026 he must be powerless against such great hardship [as Bernhard\u2019s], and must suffer painfully himself.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

A few weeks later, Mirra joined Max at the front as a volunteer nurse. \u00a0Whether or not the Eitingons might have helped Bernhard overcome her fixation on Rilke, she never emerged from the obsessive neurosis that Max diagnosed (remotely) as \u201ca cage, of which the iron bars grow inward through the prisoner.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Mirra Eitingon as a volunteer nurse in the Austro-Hungarian Red Cross during World War I (Enhanced image; original photo courtesy of Prof. Maria Mikhailova, Moscow)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bernhard ended her diary upon Rilke\u2019s death in 1926, and published some of it in an Austrian newspaper on what would have been his 57th<\/sup> birthday.<\/p>\n

In the July 1976 issue of the Association of Jewish Refugees in Great Britain’s newsletter<\/a>, her friend’s son, Dr. Zondek, recalled that:<\/p>\n

\n

\u201cHedwig Bernhard was a personality whom it is very difficult to forget\u2026 She often told us about these meetings [with Rilke] in her impressive way… She produced a box which contained a large number of letters from Rilke\u2026 they were her greatest treasure.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Nearly a decade after Rilke’s death, in her 1935 letter to Martin Buber<\/a>, she asks for the famous philosopher’s help promoting her oration classes, especially following the rise of the Nazis to power. At the end of the letter, she mentions that it was Rilke who introduced her to Buber’s work.<\/p>\n

Little is know of her “theatrical career” or the rest of her life beyond an August 1936 advertisement in the Berlin-based Jewish paper, J\u00fcdische Kulturbund Monatsblatter<\/em><\/a>:<\/p>\n

\n

\u201cHedwig Bernhard, actress and excellent speaker, gives courses in breathing technique and elocution at her home.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Before her deportation to Auschwitz in 1944, Bernhard entrusted to a non-Jewish friend the letters, diary and Rilke\u2019s gift of a silk scarf.<\/p>\n

She kept the books Rilke dedicated to her on her person until the threshold of the gas chamber. Together with some of his letters to her, they wound up in the German Literature Archive at Marbach.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

This article has been published as part of\u00a0Gesher L\u2019Europa<\/a>, the National Library of Israel\u2019s initiative to connect with people, institutions and communities across Europe and beyond, through storytelling, knowledge sharing and community engagement.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Only at the gates of Auschwitz did ‘vivacious brunette’ Hedwig Bernhard let go of the gift she received from Rainer Maria Rilke…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":262,"featured_media":109784,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[216],"tags":[1672,1742,649,1218,309],"tags2":[],"class_list":["post-109529","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-diaspora","tag-berlin","tag-german-jewry","tag-gesherleuropa","tag-life-before-the-holocaust","tag-theholocaust"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe Star Austrian Poet's Tragic and Forgotten Jewish \u201cMuse\u201d<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Only at the gates of Auschwitz did 'vivacious brunette' Hedwig Bernhard let go of the gift she received from Rainer Maria Rilke...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" 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